“Scale” refers to the amount of user-side data a search engine can accumulate. User-side data is a term that includes many types of data GSEs can obtain from

A search access point is any place on a device where a user enters a search query.

Google monetizes its general search services with the sale of Search Ads, which provides most of Google’s revenues.

Google’s ability to avoid investing in quality improvements at the rate it would in a competitive market is a sign of monopoly power

Advertisers’ Use Of ROI/ROAS Metrics And Efforts To Optimize Ad Spend Across Channels Do Not Show That Advertisers View Search Ads And Other Ad Types

Google views the Safari default position as of “paramount” importance. This single search access point accounts for approximately 28% percent of all U.S.

In 2020, Google’s Text Ads market share was 88%. Google’s Text Ads market share has been durable; between 2016 and 2020, Google’s share continually exceeded 80%

The exclusive defaults secured by Google’s exclusionary contracts cover 45% of all Text Ads revenue in the United States.

The challenged contracts foreclose a substantial portion of each relevant market. And Google’s ownership of Chrome (which defaults to Google) magnifies that

Defaults are powerful in virtually all contexts. In fact, Google spends more money securing exclusive defaults than on all other search-related expenses