Examples of aortic valve pathology:

a) Age-related calcific degeneration; note the nodular calcification on the outflow surface of the valve.

b) Congenitally bicuspid aortic valve with calcific degeneration; two relatively equal-sized cusps are present—one anterior and one posterior. A small raphe is present on the anterior cusp (yellow arrow). The raphe is midline and runs perpendicular to the free edge of the valve.

c) “Acquired” bicuspid aortic valve in rheumatic valve disease; the right and left aortic cusps are fused due to post-inflammatory scarring (yellow arrow). The result is a stenotic valve with two functional cusps. In contrast to congenitally bicuspid aortic valve, the conjoined cusp has about twice the surface area of the remaining cusp and its free edge is V-shaped. Mild commissural fusion can also be seen involving the right and posterior cusps (red arrow).

d) Congenitally unicuspid aortic valve

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This is, so far, the most detailed look into the human cell.

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A microscope image shows a sickle cell, left, with normal red blood cells. (Coloured scanning electron microscope image)

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"Normal spine" vs. "Osteoporosis of the spine"

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Gallbladder with multiple gallstones

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Cullen's sign is superficial edema and bruising in the subcutaneous fatty tissue around the umbilicus. This sign takes 24–48 hours to appear and can predict acute pancreatitis, with mortality rising from 8–10% to 40%. It may be accompanied by Grey Turner's sign (bruising of the flank), which may then be indicative of pancreatic necrosis with retroperitoneal or intra-abdominal bleeding.
Grey Turner's sign refers to bruising of the flanks, the part of the body between the last rib and the top of the hip. The bruising appears as a blue discoloration, and is a sign of retroperitoneal hemorrhage, or bleeding behind the peritoneum, which is a lining of the abdominal cavity. Grey Turner's sign takes 24–48 hours to develop, and can predict a severe attack of acute pancreatitis.

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The arteries in the body

Here is what the upper body arteries look like in the body. These are acid-corrosion casts, meaning the system of the arteries is cast in plastic.

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The surgical team in an operating room (OR)

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CXR showing old scar of pulmonary tuberculosis without infiltrative lesions in both upper lobes

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Spinal cord cross section under the microscope, looks like a butterfly 😍

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This is a rare specimen of the circle of Willis seen with multiple plaques of atherosclerosis in its branches, leading to ischemic stroke.
The circle of Willis is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures.
The circle of Willis is a part of the cerebral circulation and is composed of the following arteries:
● Anterior cerebral artery (left and right)
● Anterior communicating artery
● Internal carotid artery (left and right)
● Posterior cerebral artery (left and right)
● Posterior communicating artery (left and right)

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Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis is the impaired liver function caused by the formation of scar tissue known as fibrosis, due to damage caused by liver disease. Damage causes tissue repair and subsequent formation of scar tissue, which over time can replace normal functioning tissue leading to the impaired liver function of cirrhosis.
Typically, the disease develops slowly over months or years. Early symptoms may include tiredness, weakness, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, nausea and vomiting, and discomfort in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. As the disease worsens, symptoms may include itchiness, swelling in the lower legs, ascites, jaundice, bruising easily, and the development of spider-like blood vessels in the skin. The fluid build-up in the abdomen may become spontaneously infected. More serious complications include hepatic encephalopathy, bleeding from dilated veins in the esophagus, stomach or intestines, and liver cancer.

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Comparison between normal liver, fatty liver and cirrhosis (from left to right)

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This image shows the portion of the stomach removed during a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, a bariatric surgery.

Sleeve gastrectomy or vertical sleeve gastrectomy, is a surgical weight-loss procedure, typically performed laparoscopically, in which approximately 75 - 85% of the stomach is removed, along the greater curvature, which leaves a cylindrical, or "sleeve"-shaped stomach the size of a banana. Weight loss is affected not only through the reduction of the organ's size, but by the removal of the portion of it that produces ghrelin, the hormone that stimulates appetite. Patients can lose 50-70 percent of excess weight over the course of the two years that follow the surgery.

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Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder in which the renal tubules become structurally abnormal, resulting in the growth of multiple cysts within the kidney. These cysts are non-functioning tubules filled with fluid pumped into them, which range in size from microscopic to enormous, crushing adjacent normal tubules and eventually rendering them non-functional as well.

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Diffusely and symmetrically enlarged thyroid gland weighing 125 grams

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