An ovarian cyst

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Torus Palatinus

A torus palatinus (pl. tori palatini) is a bony protrusion on the palate. Palatal tori are usually present on the midline of the hard palate. Most palatal tori are less than 2 cm in diameter, but their size can change throughout life.

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Abdominal x-ray radiography showing air-fluid levels representative of "small bowel obstruction"

When obstruction occurs, both fluid and gas collect in the intestine. They produce a characteristic pattern called "air-fluid levels". The air rises above the fluid and there is a flat surface at the "air-fluid" interface.

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An ovarian mature cystic teratoma

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Hydatid cysts of the liver

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When a blood clot obstructs an artery in the brain, it causes a stroke.

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Rheumatic mitral stenosis

Mitral stenosis is a form of valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve orifice. The most common cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever. Mitral stenosis causes obstruction to blood flow from the left atrium to left ventricle. As a result, there is an increase in pressures in the left atrium, pulmonary vasculature, and right side of the heart, while the left ventricle is unaffected in isolated mitral stenosis. The most common cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic heart disease with mitral commissural fusion; thickened mitral valve leaflets and thickening, shortening, fusion, and calcification of the chordae tendineae.
Patients with mitral stenosis prompts a series of hemodynamic changes that frequently cause deterioration of the patient's clinical status.

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CXR showing multiple lung abscesses

Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
This pus-filled cavity is often caused by aspiration, which may occur during anesthesia, sedation, or unconsciousness from injury. Alcoholism is the most common condition predisposing to lung abscesses.
Lung abscess is considered primary (60%) when it results from existing lung parenchymal process and is termed secondary when it complicates another process e.g. vascular emboli or follows rupture of extrapulmonary abscess into lung.

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Tonsil stones, also known as tonsilloliths, are mineralizations of debris within the crevices of the tonsils. When not mineralized, the presence of debris is known as chronic caseous tonsillitis. Symptoms may include bad breath. Generally there is no pain, though there may be the feeling of something present.
Risk factors may include recurrent throat infections. Tonsil stones contain a biofilm composed of a number of different bacteria. While they most commonly occur in the palatine tonsils, they may also occur in the lingual tonsils. They are often discovered during medical imaging for other reasons.
If tonsil stones do not bother the patient, no treatment is needed. Otherwise gargling salt water and manual removal may be tried. Chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride may also be tried. Surgical treatment may include partial or complete tonsil removal.

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Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis is the impaired liver function caused by the formation of scar tissue known as fibrosis, due to damage caused by liver disease. Damage causes tissue repair and subsequent formation of scar tissue, which over time can replace normal functioning tissue leading to the impaired liver function of cirrhosis.
Typically, the disease develops slowly over months or years. Early symptoms may include tiredness, weakness, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, nausea and vomiting, and discomfort in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. As the disease worsens, symptoms may include itchiness, swelling in the lower legs, ascites, jaundice, bruising easily, and the development of spider-like blood vessels in the skin. The fluid build-up in the abdomen may become spontaneously infected. More serious complications include hepatic encephalopathy, bleeding from dilated veins in the esophagus, stomach or intestines, and liver cancer.

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An adherent, dense, grey pseudomembrane covering the tonsils is classically seen in diphtheria

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The kidney tumor

Multifocal / multicentric tumor with little renal parenchyma remaining between the nodules.

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Throat of a child with a positive throat culture for streptococcal pharyngitis

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Body riddled with parasites as a result of eating raw pork for 10 years.

Trichinellosis, more commonly known as trichinosis, is a parasitic food-borne disease that is caused by eating raw or undercooked meats, particularly pork products infested with the larvae of a type of roundworm called Trichinella.
When a human or animal eats meat that contains infective Trichinella larvae, the acid in the stomach dissolves the hard covering of the cyst around the larvae and releases the worms. The worms pass into the small intestine and, in 1–2 days, become mature. After mating, adult females lay eggs. Eggs develop into immature worms, travel through the arteries, and are transported to muscles. Within the muscles, the worms curl into a ball and encyst (become enclosed in a capsule). The life cycle repeats when meat containing these encysted worms is consumed by another human or animal.

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High rising epiglottis is a normal anatomical variation, visible during an oral examination which does not cause any serious problem apart a mild sensation of a foreign body in the throat. High rising epiglottis is seen more often in children than adults and does not need any medical or surgical intervention.

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An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac within the ovary. Often they cause no symptoms.
Ovarian cysts are common findings usually discovered incidentally on physical examination or imaging. Ovarian cysts can cause complications, including rupture, hemorrhage, and torsion, which are considered gynecological emergencies. Therefore, it is essential to promptly diagnose and treat them. Occasionally they may produce bloating, lower abdominal pain, or lower back pain. If the cyst either breaks open or causes twisting of the ovary, it may cause severe pain. This may result in vomiting or feeling faint, and even cause headaches.
Most ovarian cysts are related to ovulation, being either follicular cysts or corpus luteum cysts. Other types include cysts due to endometriosis, dermoid cysts, and cystadenomas. Many small cysts occur in both ovaries in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Rarely, cysts may be a form of ovarian cancer. The majority of cysts are harmless.

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