📣✨ Attention UPSC, APPSC & TGPSC Aspirants!

For your last-minute revision, I’ve compiled a one-year collection of the most important Polity topics — covering everything you must not miss before facing the exam!

🔹 Handpicked from trusted sources
🔹 Perfect for quick recall and smart revision
🔹 Saves your time, boosts your confidence

Let’s make your final preparation sharp and strategic.

Best wishes from Your Santhosh Rao sir 💐

#Stay tuned – Revision Made Easy!

⚜ ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONS ⚜

🦢 Ramsar Convention
• Convention on Wetlands.
• Adopted in Ramsar, Iran (1971).
• In force since 1975.

♻️ Stockholm Convention
• Focus: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
• Adopted in Geneva, Switzerland (2001).
• In force since 2004.

🐅 CITES
• Regulates International Trade in Endangered Species.
• Adopted in 1963.
• In force since 1975.

🌿 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• Focus: Conservation of Biological Diversity.
• Adopted in 1992.
• In force since 1993.

🦜 Bonn Convention
• Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.
• Adopted in 1979.
• In force since 1983.

☁️ Vienna Convention
• Protection of the Ozone Layer.
• Adopted in 1985.
• In force since 1988.

🌀 Montreal Protocol
• Focus: Substances depleting the Ozone Layer.
• Adopted in 1987.
• In force since 1989.

🌍 Kyoto Protocol
• Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
• Adopted in 1997.
• In force since 2005.

🌡️ UNFCCC
• Governs actions to combat Climate Change (GHG emissions).
• Adopted in 1992.
• In force since 1994.

🏞️ Rio Summit
• United Nations Conference on Environment & Development.
• Held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1992).

🏜️ UNCCD
• Convention to Combat Desertification.
• Adopted in 1994.
• In force since 1996.

⚠️ Basel Convention
• Focus: Control of Hazardous Wastes Movement & Disposal.
• Adopted in 1989.
• In force since 1992.

🧬 Cartagena Protocol
• Focus: Biosafety (CBD).
• Adopted in 2000.
• In force since 2003.

🌳 UN-REDD
• Reducing Emissions from Deforestation & Degradation.
• Created in 2008.

🔬 Nagoya Protocol
• Access to Genetic Resources (CBD).
• Adopted in 2010.
• In force since 2014.

🌏 COP24
• 24th Conference of Parties (UNFCCC).
• Held in 2018.

🌍 COP21
• 21st Conference of Parties (UNFCCC).
• Held in 2015.

🌐 Kigali Agreement
• Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.
• Adopted in 2016.
• In force since 2019.

⚡ Minamata Convention
• Protection against Mercury’s adverse effects.
• Adopted in 2013.
• In force since 2017.

☠️ Rotterdam Convention
• Focus: Hazardous Chemicals & Pesticides (PIC Procedure).
• Adopted in 1998.
• In force since 2004.

🌍 COP25
• 25th Conference of Parties (UNFCCC).
• Held in 2019.

Environmental Action = Global Responsibility! 🌏♻️

Consider the following claims about India's Indus Waters Treaty suspension.

1. Until Pakistan stops supporting cross-border terrorism, India has suspended the treaty.
2. India or Pakistan may unilaterally suspend under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty.

Consider the following claims about the CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism).

1. Carbon-intensive products including iron, steel, and aluminum are subject to a border tax imposed by the CBAM.
2. The European Union enforces the CBAM on items that are exported.

Consider the following claims about IMF economic forecasts.

1. It is anticipated that India's economy will expand by 6.2% in 2025 and 6.3% in 2026.
2. It is anticipated that the pace of global economic growth would be lower in 2025 (2.8%) than in 2026 (3.0%).

Consider the following claims:

1. The lowest layer of the Indian plate is sinking into the Earth's mantle as it delaminates.
2. Satellite imaging and groundwater studies were used to identify the delamination process.

Grand Challenges initiative which drives innovation (BMGF) to tackle critical health issues in developing nations is launched by

a. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
b. World Health Organization
c. United Nations Development Programme
d. Rockefeller Foundation

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📣📣📣26th April 2025 Current Affairs👇👇👇

✔️Your daily dose of UPSC/TGPSC/APPSC-relevant current affairs — crisp, curated, and compiled by Santhosh Rao Sir!

✔️Empowering the student community with knowledge that matters.

✔️Stay informed. Stay ahead.
Download today’s PDF and make every day a step closer to success!

#Currentaffairs #April2025

The Hindu newspaper analysis(27th April 2025) by Santhosh Rao Menneni sir:

#### NATIONAL #####
1.Bring Pahalgam attack sponsors to justice: UNSC
2.All-weather roads connect remote block along LoC in J&K for first time
3. India raises continental-shelf claim in Arabian Sea region

##### News in Frames #####
1.A town that weaves gold

##### FAQ #####
1.How did WHO nations strike a pandemic deal?
2.What’s the reason for targeting Simla Pact?
3.Why is UPI seeing frequent downtimes?

##### PROFILES #####
1.Storm beneath the waters
2.New face of terror
3.Man on a mission
##### SCIENCE #####
1. Telangana had more preventable C-sections among southern States

##### INTERNATIONAL #####
1.Russia claims to have retaken Kursk with help from North Korean troops
2.Trump is sceptical about Putin’s desire to end Ukraine war

##### ECONOMY #####
1.‘Sarvam AI, first firm to get govt. aid to build AI model’

⚠️ Conclusions for S&T questions

📣Ready to Level Up Your UPSC/APPSC/TGPSC Mains Game?

👇Join “Master Mains with Santhosh Rao Sir” – a focused community for serious aspirants!

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✔️Doubt Clarification & Peer Feedback

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