Two important rivers- one with its source in Jharkhand (and known by a different name in Odisha), and
another, with its source in Odisha-merge at a place only a short distance from the coast of Bay of Bengal
before flowing into the sea. This is an important site of wildlife and biodiversity and a protected area. Which
one of the following could be this?
a) Bhitarkanika
b) Chandipur-on-sea
c) Gopalpur-on-sea
d) Simlipal

Consider the following pairs:
Famous Place River
1. Pandharpur Chandrabhaga
2. Tiruchirappalli Cauvery
3. Hampi Malaprabha

Which of the following is/are tributary/ tributaries of Brahmaputra?
1. Dibang
2. Kameng
3. Lohit

Consider the following rivers:
1. Vamsadhara
2. Indravati
3. Pranahita
4. Pennar

Consider the following rivers:
1. Barak
2. Lohit
3. Subansiri

📣📣📣What is HDI?
✅The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to assess and compare the average achievements in a country regarding :
☑️Health: Measured by life expectancy at birth.
☑️Education: Assessed through mean years of schooling for adults and expected years of schooling for children.
☑️Standard of Living: Evaluated using Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.

🔸HDI values range between 0 and 1, with higher values indicating higher human development.
🇮🇳 India's HDI Performance in 2025
✅HDI Rank: 130 out of 193 countries (improved from 133 in 2022)
✅HDI Value: 0.685 (up from 0.676 in 2022)
🔹Category: Medium Human Development
☑️Life Expectancy: Reached its highest since the index's inception, indicating a strong recovery from the pandemic.
☑️Education: Improvements noted in mean years of schooling.
☑️Income: Increase in GNI per capita observed.

🔸India's HDI has increased by over 53% since 1990, growing faster than both the global and South Asian averages.

🌍 Global HDI Rankings 2025
✅Top 3 Countries:
🔸Iceland (HDI: 0.972)
🔸Norway
🔸Switzerland
Bottom-ranked Country:
South Sudan (HDI: 0.388)

📊 India's HDI in Regional Context
Higher-ranked Neighbors:
China (Rank: 75)
Sri Lanka (Rank: 78)
Bhutan (Rank: 127)
Same Rank:
Bangladesh (Rank: 130)
👇🏻Lower-ranked Neighbors:
Nepal (Rank: 145)
Myanmar (Rank: 149)
Pakistan (Rank: 168)

⚠️ Challenges Highlighted
Inequality: India's HDI value is reduced by 30.7% when adjusted for inequality, one of the highest losses in the region.
🔹Gender Disparities:
Female labor force participation and political representation remain low.
Recent constitutional amendments reserving one-third of legislative seats for women are promising steps forward.


#HDI2025

In the context of population pyramid, consider the following statements:
1. It can be used to compare differences between male and female population of an area.
2. A stationary trend in the graph is represented by square or pillar shape rather than a pyramid.
3. India’s population pyramid is bottom heavy.

Consider the following statements, in the context of population distribution in India:
1. Development of irrigation and availability of mineral and energy resources has resulted in the increase of population in some regions of India.
2. Deltas and Coastal Plains have higher proportion of population than the interior districts in southern Indian States.

With reference to the age-sex pyramid, consider the following statements:
1. The age-sex pyramid which is bell shaped and tapered towards the top indicates a near constant population.
2. The age-sex pyramid with narrow base and a tapered top indicates low birth and death rates.

With reference to the population growth in India, consider the following statements:
1. India has never seen a negative population growth rate in the decadal census since 1901.
2. The population growth rate of the country has started slowing down after 1981, as compared to the previous census.

With reference to migration in India, consider the following statements:
1. The intra-state migration is dominated by female migrants as compared to male population.
2. The rural to urban inter-state migration is dominated by male migrants.