Consider about the following claims about perovskite solar cells.

1. Metal halide perovskite compounds are used as light absorbers in third-generation perovskite solar cells.
2. Although they have a better energy conversion efficiency than silicon-based solar panels, their production costs are higher.

Consider the following claims about the Ramsar Convention.

1. Wetlands recognized by the Ramsar Convention for their worldwide ecological significance are known as Ramsar sites.
2. Compared to India, China has more Ramsar sites.

Consider the following statements

Statement-I: The CROP framework, developed by ISRO’s NRSC, is a semi-automated system for monitoring crop sowing and harvesting in India’s Rabi season.

Statement-II: It enables near real-time crop monitoring to support agricultural planning and food security strategies.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below

a. Both Statement-I & II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
b. Both Statement-I & II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
c. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
d. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Who was the first Indian to formally demand reforms in the civil service in India?

a. Dadabhai Naoroji
b. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
c. Surendranath Banerjee
d. Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Consider on the following claims about the Jal Jeevan Mission.

1. The purpose is to supply all rural families with 55 lpcd of drinking water through Functional Household Tap Connections.
2. The mission met its initial goal of reaching 100% coverage of rural households by 2024.

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The Hindu newspaper analysis(25th April 2025) by Santhosh Rao Menneni sir:

#### NATIONAL #####
1. Pak. shuts airspace, snaps trade relations with India
2.Attack cowardly act,terrorism on its last breath: Adityanath
3.After terror attack, militaries of India, Pak. on high alert
4. India revokes visas issued to Pakistan nationals; Foreign Secretary briefs envoys of G-20 nations
5.SC gives approval for UGC rules to fight caste-based bias

##### EDITORIAL #####
1.Amidst regional ferment, Kurds’ quest for statehood
2.Where tariffs trump economics.
3.Sent messages
4.Power and freedom
##### OPINION #####
1. Is the World Trade Organization still relevant?

##### TEXT & CONTEXT #####
1.The chaos of Karnataka’s caste survey

##### SCIENCE #####
1.The mosquito effect: how malarial chaos influenced human history

##### INTERNATIONAL #####
1.No ongoing talks with U.S. over tariffs, clarifies Beijing
2.Sri Lanka Opposition, media seek details of defence MoU with India
3.U.S. focuses on persecution claims as white South Africans seek resettlemen

##### ECONOMY #####
1.Jolted by U.S. tariffs,stainless steel players turn to local market
2.Even Porsche can’t find its lane in China as foreign automaker sales skid