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March 8, 2019
THE LANGUAGES OF THE SAHABA

By Antar Abdellah

Arabs – during the time of the revelation- were known as an illiterate nation for whom the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was sent from among themselves. Yet, there are instances in the prophetic hadiths that draw attention to some literate companions who were even able to speak and write in more than one tongue. In this article, we shed light at samples of the companions who were multilingual.

The Prophetic stand towards foreign languages:

One hadith is well known among current Muslims in which the Prophet ﷺ says: “Whoever learns a language of a people (other than Arabic), he becomes safe from their wickedness”. Although this saying is well known among Muslims, the fact is that it is not a hadith of the Prophet ﷺ. Hadith scholars say it is root-less, fabricated, but its meaning is sound. Another fabricated hadith is the one that goes “Seek knowledge even in China”. Some people deduce that one cannot seek knowledge in China without being able to communicate with the Chinse in their own language.

Although these two fabricated hadiths are well known, there is no real need for them to establish the importance of learning a foreign language as perceived by the Prophet ﷺ and the companions in their dealings. After all, the Prophet’s tradition (Sunnah) is not just verbal hadiths; it includes his dealings and actions. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is known to have used messengers to carry his messages to kings and emperors after the 6th year of Hijra. He sent Hatib ibn Abi Baltaa to Egypt because he was knowledgeable about Greek that was spoken by the rulers in Egypt at that time. He also sent Jaafar Ibn Abi Talib to the king of Abyssinia, because Jaafaar learned their tongue while he was there in the first Hijra, where he spent more than 10 years there. The Prophet ﷺ even ordered some of his companions to learn the tongue of the Jews so as to translate for him the messages they used to send to him.

In addition, he ﷺ used very few non-Arabic words in his hadiths that were known to his interlocutors. In Al Bukhari, Um Khalid (the daughter of Khalid bin Sa`id) who was a very young child narrated “I went to Allah’s Messenger ﷺ with my father and I was wearing a yellow shirt. Allah’s Messenger ﷺ said, “Sanah, Sanah!” (`Abdullah, the narrator, said that ‘Sanah’ meant ‘good’ in the Ethiopian language). I then started playing with the seal of Prophethood (in between the Prophet’s shoulders) and my father rebuked me harshly for that. Allah’s Messenger ﷺ said. “Leave her,” and then Allah’s Messenger ﷺ (invoked Allah to grant me a long life) by saying (thrice), “Wear this dress till it is worn out and then wear it till it is worn out, and then wear it till it is worn out.” (The narrator adds, “It is said that she lived for a long period, wearing that (yellow) dress till its color became dark because of long wear.”)

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In another hadith, The Prophet ﷺ said, “Near the establishment of the Hour, there will be the days of Al-Harj, and the religious knowledge will be taken away (vanish i.e. by the death of Religious scholars) and general ignorance will spread.” Abu Musa  said, “Al-Harj, in the Ethiopian language, means killing.”

These rare instances of using non-Arabic words in the Prophet’s speech do not mean that he knew foreign languages. Rather, it means that he knew a few words that were known to most people to whom he spoke. He used them for recreation purposes (the case of Um Khalid), or for drawing attention to the importance of the idea (the case of Abu Musa).

BILINGUAL SAHABA:
Abu Huraira:
There different instances where Abu Huraira  spoke Faris (Persian). In Al Bukhari, Hilal ibn Usamah quoted Abu Maimunah Salma, a client of the people of Madinah, as saying:

While I was sitting with Abu Huraira, a Persian woman came to him along with a son of hers. She had been divorced by her husband and they both wanted custody. She said: Abu Huraira, speaking to him in Persian, my
husband wishes to take my son away. Abu Huraira said: Cast lots for him, saying it to her in a foreign language. Her husband came and asked: Who is disputing with me about my son?

Abu Huraira said: O Allah, I do not say this, except that I heard a woman who came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ while I was sitting with him, and she said: My husband wishes to take away my son, Messenger of Allah, and he draws water for me from the well of Abu Anabah, and he has been good to me. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: Cast lots for him. Her husband said: Who is disputing with me about my son?

The Prophet ﷺ said to the boy: This is your father and this your mother, so take whichever of them you wish by the hand. So he took his mother’s hand and she went away with him.

In addition to Persian, Abu Huraira is reported to have spoken in Abyssinian. In Al Bukhari, Abu Salama narrated that ‘Abd al-Rahman bin ‘Auf  reported Allah’s Messenger ﷺ as saying:

There is no transitive disease, but he is also reported to have said: A sick person should not be taken to one who is healthy. Abu Salama said that Abu Huraira used to narrate these two (different hadiths) from Allah’s Messenger ﷺ, but afterwards Abu Huraira became silent on these words:” There is no transitive disease,” but he stuck to this that the sick person should not be taken to one who is healthy. Harith b. Abu Dhubab (and he was the first cousin of Abu Huraira) said: Abu Huraira, I used to hear from you that you narrated to us along with this hadith and the other one also (there is no transitive disease), but now you observe silence about it. You used to say that Allah’s Messenger ﷺ said: There is no transitive disease. Abu Huraira denied having any knowledge of that, but he said that the sick camel should not be taken to the healthy one. Harith, however, did not agree with him, which irritated Abu Huraira and he said to him some words in the Abyssinian language. He said to Harith: Do you know what I said to you? He said: No. Abu Huraira said: I simply denied having said it. Abu Salama said: By my life, Abu Huraira in fact used to report Allah’s Messenger ﷺ having said: There is no transitive disease. I do not know whether Abu Huraira has forgotten it or he deemed it an abrogated statement in the light of the other one.

So, while Abu Huraira used Persian in the first Hadith for communication purposes, he used Abyssinian in the second for expressing his anger. Did he try to conceal his anger by holding his tongue in Arabic, and releasing it in a foreign language? This may be the case.

Zaid ibn Thabit:
Zaid is known as on the geniuses of the companions. He was the one entitled with the responsibility of collecting the Quran during the time of Abi Bakr and the time of Othman Ibn Affan. He tells us about how the Prophet (ﷺ) ordered him to learn a foreign language.

Narrated Zayd ibn Thabit: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) ordered me (to learn the writing of the Jews), so I learned for him the writing of the Jews. He said: I swear by Allah, I do not trust Jews in respect of writing for me. So I learned it, and only a fortnight passed before I mastered it. I would write for him when he wrote (to them), and read to him when something was written to him.

The hadith indicates that Zaid learnt Syriac/ Aramaic which the Jews used in their writings. Zaid states that only 15 days were enough for him to master the language. It seems that Zaid focused more on the orthographic system rather than the phonic system because he does not tell us about instances where he used Syriac/ Aramaic in speaking.

Salman The Persian:
As Salman was a native speaker of Persian, he was the first choice for the companions when they wanted to communicate with Persians. Narrated Abu Al-Bakhtari: “An Army from the armies of the Muslims, whose commander was Salman Al-Farisi, besieged one of the Persian castles. They said: ‘O Abu ‘Abdullah! Should we charge them?’ He said: ‘Leave me to call them (to Islam) as I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ call them.’

So Salman went to them and said: ‘I am only a man from among you, a P
ersian, and you see that the Arabs obey me. If you become Muslims then you will have the likes of what we have, and from you will be required that which is required from us. If you refuse and keep your religion, then we will leave you to it, and you will give us the Jizyah from your hands while you are submissive.’ He said to them in Persian: ‘And you are other than praiseworthy and if you refuse then we will equally resist you.’ They said: ‘We will not give you the Jizyah, we will fight you instead.’ So they said: ‘O Abu ‘Abdullah! Should we charge them?’ He said: ‘No.'” He said: “So for three days he called them to the same (things), and then he said: ‘Charge them.'” He said: “So we charged them, and we conquered the castle.”

We can deduce from the story of Salman that in seeking the last prophet, he knew some other languages, especially Syriac/ Aramaic as he used to serve Jewish and Christian monks and read their books. It is also narrated that a group of Persians asked Salman to translate the opening chapter of the Quran (Al Fatiha) for them to be able to understand its meaning. It is reported that he translated it or part of it. If this is true, then Salman would be the first translator of the meanings of the Quran –or part of it- in history.

‘Abdur-Rahman bin Hatib
Although we know very little about ‘Abdur-Rahman bin Hatib , he is reported in Al Bukhari to have saved a non-Arab woman from the punishment for adultery. It was during the reign of Uman Ibn Al Khattab that a Persian woman was forced to commit adultery. She came to Umar, and ‘Umar said in the presence of ‘Ali, ‘Abdur-Rahman, and ‘Uthman, “What is this woman saying?” (the woman was non-Arab) ‘Abdur-Rahman bin Hatib said: “She is informing you about her companion who has committed illegal sexual intercourse with her.” Umar realized that she didn’t know that adultery was prohibited in Islam and that she was complaining from her companion who forced her to commit it. So Umar released her.

Abu Jamra Al Basri
Abu Jamra is not one of the companions. He is one of the Tabieen (followers). He used to keep the company of Ibn Abbas, and while Ibn Abbas is known as the turjuman (interpreter) of the Quran, Abu Jamra was the inter-lingual interpreter of Ibn Abbas. Abu Jamar said – as narrated in Al Bukhari, “I was an interpreter between Ibn ‘Abbas and the people.” Based on four instances of using translators (The Roman translator at the palace of Heraclius in Abu Sufian’s account, the hadith by Zaid ibn Thabit, the account of Abdur-Rahman ibn Hatib and the account of Abu Jamara), Al-Bukhari commented that “a ruler should have two interpreters.”

*******

These are just some instances of companions and followers who are narrated to have spoken or written in foreign languages. It is strongly believed that there were numerous cases of other bilingual transactions in the early Muslim community, but they were not recorded as they were not relevant to religious matters. Learning foreign languages then is deeply rooted in the Islamic tradition, and we do not need to go to China to prove this.

Antar Abdellah is a professor of foreign language pedagogy at Taibah University, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He has the researcher behind Towards Developing a Language Course for Hajj Guides in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, A Needs Assessment.

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Dajjal
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 Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives, the venue of the confrontation between ad-Dajjal and Jesus in Muslim eschatology. The Righteous will seek sanctuary in the Rock, beneath the Dome.
ad-Dajjal sometimes spelled Dajal, (Arabic: الدّجّال, ad-dajjāl) ("The Deceiver/impostor"), also known as the false Messiah (see also: Antichrist) is an evil figure in Islamic eschatology. He is to appear at a time in the future, before Yawm al-Qiyamah (The Day of Resurrection, Judgment Day).

"Dajjal" (compare to "Devil") is a common Arabic word, used in the sense of "false prophet," but "Ad-Dajjal," with the definite article, refers to "The Impostor," a specific end-of times deceiver. The term Al-Masih Ad-Dajjal (Arabic for "The False Messiah") is a literal translation of the Syriac term "Meshiha Deghala," which had been in the common vocabulary of the Middle East and adapted into the Arabic language 400 years prior to the Qur'an via the Peshitta (which uses that term instead of the Greek "antichristos").

Contents

1 Islam's description
2 The Mahdi, Jesus and the Anti-Christ
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
6 Credits


Muslims believe that prior to the Day of Judgment around about the time that Jesus will return to earth, ad-Dajjal shall gather an army of those he has deceived and lead them in a war against Jesus and the Mahdi (the guide), accompanied by an army of the righteous. Traditions attributed to Muhammad describe the appearance of Jesus and of the Dajjal, least the one be mistaken for the other. The idea of a final clash between the forces of good and of evil with the former vanquishing the latter recurs in religious thought. While for some, what follows involves the end of history as presently experienced, and the start of a spiritual reality, for others what follows is an era of peace and justice on a restored planet earth. This may be a fundamental expression of the human conviction that given cooperation and good will, evil need not triumph. For some, such figures as the Anti-Christ, ad-Dajjal and their righteous opponents are real, for others this is a symbolic scenario representing the very real possibility that humanity might rise above greed, selfishness, ignorance and hatred and build a world in which all people have due regard for the welfare of the whole of humanity, as well as for the health of the planet itself.

Islam's description
The Dajjal is not referred to in the Qur’an but belongs to the more extensive material on the End found in the collections of the sayings of Muhammad, which Muslims believe to be inspired, like the Hadith. The following of among hadith describing the Dajjal:

Once Allah's Apostle stood amongst the people, glorified and praised Allah as He deserved and then mentioned the Dajjal saying, "l warn you against him (i.e. the Dajjal) and there was no prophet but warned his nation against him. No doubt, Noah warned his nation against him but I tell you about him something of which no prophet told his nation before me. You should know that he is one-eyed, and Allah is not one-eyed."[1]
Allah's Apostle said, "Shall I not tell you about the Dajjal a story of which no prophet told his nation? The Dajjal is one-eyed and will bring with him what will resemble Hell and Paradise, and what he will call Paradise will be actually Hell; so I warn you (against him) as Noah warned his nation against him."[2]
'Abdullah reported on the authority of his father 'Umar b. Khattab that he heard from the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) say: I was sleeping when I saw myself making circuit around the Ka'bah, and I saw there a man of fair complexion with straight hair between two men. Water was flowing from his head or water was falling from his head. I said: Who is he? They answered: He is the son of Mary. Then I moved forward and cast a glance and there was a bulky man of red complexion with thick locks of hair on his head, blind of one eye as if his eye was a swollen grape. I asked: Who is he? They said: He is D
ajjal. He had close resemblance with Ibn Qatan amongst men. [3]
The Mahdi, Jesus and the Anti-Christ
The Mahdi is also not a Qur’anic figure. Among Twlever Shi’a, the Mahdi is associated with the twelfth Imam, who went into heavenly “occultation” around about 874 C.E. and who will return one day to establish everlasting peace and justice. This concept is similar to the idea within Christianity that when Jesus returns, there will be 1,000 years of peace on earth. Among Sunnis, belief in the Mahdi also evolved as an End-time figure that will assist Jesus in defeating the agents of Satan before the Day of Judgment.

It is said that the Dajjal will be unable to enter the sanctuaries of Mecca or Medina but that he will make his final stand in Jerusalem, the third sanctuary. He will appear during a troubled time in human affairs, a time of crises perhaps consisting of wars and other crises. He will reign for either 40 days or 40 years, declaring his own divinity. By appearing to work miracles, he will succeed in deceiving many people, hence his name. Then, on the eve of the Day of Judgment, the best and most faithful of believers will gather there to support Jesus and the Mahdi, whose return or coming corresponds with ad-Dajjal’s false claim to divinity. The Rock itself, on which the Dome of the Rock stands, will provide a refuge for the righteous. Several historical figures have been acclaimed as the Mahdi, such as Shah Ismail I the foiunder of the Safavid Empire among Shi’a and the Mahdi of Sudan (1848-55) among Sunni. The idea of Jesus’ return is not explicitly Qur’anic although it is implied in several verses, such 3:55 which refers to Jesus in the context of the Day of Judgment, and 4:159 which says that Jesus will be a witness “against them on the Day of Judgment.”

Notes
↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 55, Number 553 at USC_MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts hadith 553, University of Southern California, 2007. Retrieved December 12 2007
↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 55, Number 554 at USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts hadith 554, University of Southern California, 2007. Retrieved December 12 2007
↑ Sahih al-Bukari, Book LVI, Chapter 43, hadith 650, Sahih Muslim, 001, Number 0327, USC_MSA Compoendium of Muslim Texts hadith no 0327, University of Southern California, 2007. Retreived December 12 2007
References
al-Bukhari. The Translation of the Meaning of Sahih al-Bukhari. translated by Khan, M. M. New Delhi: Kitab Vhavan (9 volumes), 1987. ISBN 8171510132
Cook, David. Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 2002. ISBN 9780878501427
Cook, David. Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature. Religion and politics. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005. ISBN 9780815630586
Thomson, Ahmad. Dajjal The King Who Has No Clothes. London: Ta-Ha Publishers, 1986. ISBN 9780907461500
Richardson, Joel. Antichrist Islam's Awaited Messiah. Enumclaw, WA: Pleasant Word, 2006. ISBN 9781414104409
External links
All links retrieved November 17, 2017.

More Ahadeeth regarding the Anti-Christ (Dajjal)
Britannica Online on ad-Dajjal


Credits
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The Dajjal (Anti-Christ)



The word Dajjal in Arabic means Deceiver or Liar. The emergence of the Dajjal (AntiChrist or False Messiah) is the most dangerous among the signs that indicate the Day of Judgment is approaching, even people with strong faith will be shaken. Allah created the Dajjal to test people's faith.

Abu Huraira narrated that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said: " The Hour will not occur until 30 Dajjals (Deceivers or False Prophets) appear, and all of them claim to be of prophet of God." (Abu Dawud) In a variation of this Hadith, Abu Huraira narrated that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said: : " The Hour will not occur until 30 lying Dajjals (Deceivers or False Prophets) appear, and all of them lie about Allah and Allah's Messenger." (Abu Dawud)
Out of these 30 Dajjals, the last one will probably be the most evil one.
Based on our numerical analysis of the Quran, Hadith, and Arabic Words for our End Times book, we believe that a Dajjal or evil person will appear in the beginning of the first phase of the End Times. This will trigger the emergence of the Mahdi. In 2022, near the end of the first phase of the End Times, the last Dajjal is likely to appear. This will trigger the descent of Prophet Jesus Christ from Heaven.

Some of the Jews are expecting two Messiahs for them in the End Times. They refer to first Messiah as Son of Joseph and the second Messiah as Son of David.

Christians are expecting 2 Witnesses in the End Times. They tend to expect one of the witnesses to be Elijah (Elias).

The first Dajjal Messiah, in the End Times, will probably falsely claim to be Son of Joseph of the Jews and Elijah of the Christians. He may claim to also be paving the way for Shia's Mahdi, if no Shia person emerges. The Shia have many narrations about individuals whom they expect to appear and pave the way for Shia's Mahdi.

The first Dajjal Messiah will probably NOT claim to be God. Whereas the last Dajjal, son of David, is likely to claim to be God.

The last Dajjal may also claim to be Shia's Imam Mahdi.

In a way, God uses the Dajjal to mock and test the followers of false/corrupted religions of Judaism, Christianity and Shiism:

(a) Zionist Christians will be following the Anti-Christ, as if he is God, while he will be committing evil things. God will be laughing at them. Jesus in his first life was a good man and prophet, and never claimed to be God. They corrupted the Gospel by making Jesus into a a human God. Now, God is punishing them for this major sin by having Christians face the prospect of following the Anti-Christ, who is an evil man, thinking that he is Jesus/God.

(b) The Jewish and Shia books portray their Messiah/ Mahdi as someone who does evil things to their enemies. God will be testing the Jews and Shia to see to what extent they are willing to accept the evil-doings of the Anti-Christ who will be acting as their Messiah/Mahdi.

Faithful Sunni Muslims are less susceptible to be tempted or deceived by the Anti-Christ.



Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم told us that, " No tribulation on the face of the Earth since Allah created Adam will be greater than the trial of the Dajjal. Verily, no prophet was sent who did not warn his people of the Dajjal..." (Ibn Majah, Ibn Khuzaymah, and Al-Haakim).
Imran bin Hussain narrated that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said, " Between the creation of (Prophet) Adam عليه
السلام and the coming of the Last Hour, there will arise no tribulation more serious than the Dajjal." (Sahih Muslim)
Anas bin Malik narrated that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said "Every Prophet from the first to the last warned and informed his people about the Dajjal due to the severity of his trials & tribulations." (Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim). According to variations of this Hadith, "...No prophet was sent who did not warn his people of the Dajjal..."
The last Dajjal (AntiChrist or False Christ) will appear after the Muslim army conquers Constantinople.

The Dajjal will finally be killed by Prophet Jesus عليه السلام who will descend to Earth and spread peace.


1. Has the Dajjal been alive and chained in a remote Island in the East for hundreds of years ?

In a Hadith narrated by Fatima bint Qays, Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم once gathered the Muslims in the mosque after prayer and told them a story about the Dajjal being chained in a remote Island in the East. In our opinion, if this Hadith is authentic, the Dajjal in this story could be the last Dajjal.

Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم said:

"I have kept you here because Tamim Ad-Dari, a Christian man who has embraced Islam, told me something which agrees with what I have told you about the Dajjal. He told me that he had sailed in a ship with thirty men from Banu Lakham and Banu Juzam. The sea waves rocked them about for a month, and finally drew them toward an island around sunset time. They approached the island and landed. They were met by a beast that was so hairy that they could not tell its front from its back. They said: 'Woe to you! Who are you?' It said: 'I am Al-Jassasah.' They said: 'What is Al-Jassasah?' It said: 'O people, go to the man in the monastery, for he is very eager to know about you.’ Tamim said that when it named a person to us we left quickly fearing that it might be a devil.
Tamim Dari said we quickly went to the monastery. There, we found a huge man whom we had never seen before. His hands were tied up to his neck and his legs tied up with with iron shackles. We said: 'Woe to you, who are you?' He said: 'You will soon know about me. Tell me who you are.'
We said: 'We are people from Arabia. We sailed on a ship, but the waves have been tossing us around about for a month, and they brought us to your island, where we met a very hairy beast. It said: 'I am Al-Jassasah.' We asked: 'What is Al-Jassasah?' and it told us: 'Go to the man in the monastery, for he is very eager to know about you.' So we came to you quickly.

The man said: 'Tell me about the date-palm trees of Bisan (town in Northern Palestine, near Jordan River, renamed by Israel as Beit She'an).' We said: 'What do you want to know about them'?' He said: 'I want to know whether these trees bear fruits or not.' We said 'Yes'. He said: 'Soon, they will not bear fruits.'
Then he said: 'Tell me about the Lake of Tiberias (Sea of Galilee in Northern Palestine).' We said: 'What do you want to know about it?' He said: 'Is there water in it'?' We said: 'There is plenty of water in it.' He said: 'Soon, it will become dry.'
Then he said: 'Tell me about the Spring of Zughar (near the Dead Sea in Palestine).' We asked: 'What do you want to know about it'?' He asked: 'Is there water in it, and does it irrigate the land'?' We said: 'Yes, there is plenty of water in it, and the people use it to irrigate the land.'

Then he said: 'Tell me about the illiterate Prophet [Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم ], what has he done?' We said: 'He has left Makka (Mecca) and settled in Yathrib (Madina).' He said: 'Do the Arabs fight against him'?' We said 'Yes'. He said: 'How does he deal with them'?' So we told him that Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم had overcome the Arabs around him and that they had followed him. He asked: 'Has it really happened?' We said 'Yes'. He said: 'It is better for them to follow him. Now I will tell you about myself. I am the Dajjal. I will soon be permitted to leave this place: I will emerge and travel about the Earth. In forty nights,
I will pass through every town, except Makka (Mecca) and Tiba (Madina), for these have been forbidden to me. Every time I try to enter either of them, I will be met by an angel bearing an unsheathed sword, who will prevent me from entering. There will be angels guarding them at every route leading to them.'

Fatima bint Qays said: Then, the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم struck the minbar (pulpit) with his cane and said: 'This is Tiba, this is Tiba, this is Tiba,' meaning Madina. 'Did I not tell you this before?' The people said: 'Yes'. [The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said:] 'I liked the story of Tamim because it agrees with what I used to tell you about him and about Makka (Mecca) and Madina. But he is in the Syrian Sea (Mediterranean Sea) or the Yemeni Sea (Arabian Sea). No, rather he is in the East, he in the East, he is in the East,' and he pointed towards the East with his hand. She said: I memorized this from the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم . ” (Sahih Muslim).



2. Signs that will precede the Dajjal (AntiChrist or False Messiah)

(a) Al-Malhama Al-Kubra (Big War) followed by the Conquest of Constantinople
After Muslims win Al-Malhama Al-Kubra (The Big Battle, this is probably the Bible's Armageddon ), some time later, Muslims will conquer Constantinople with Takbir (without any battle or bloodshed). Then, the last Dajjal appears.
(b) Lake of Tiberias (Sea of Galilee) will dry up
According to the story of Tamim Ad-Dari, mentioned above, the Dajjal foretold that there will be no more water in this lake.
(c) The Great Famine
According to some weak narrations, there will be a famine for three years before his appearance. In the first year of the famine, Heaven will withhold one third of its rain and the Earth one third of its crops. In the second year of the famine, Heaven will withhold two thirds of its rain and the Earth will withhold two thirds of its crops. In the third year, there will not be a single drop of rain and not a single thing will grow. Thus, all the animals with hoofs and biting teeth will die and the Tasbeeh (mentioning Subhan-Allah) will suffice the believers' hunger. (Asma-bin-Yazeed/ Mishkat)

(d) Arabs/Muslims will be small in number
A Hadith, by Umm Shareek which can be found in Sahih Muslim, indicates that the Arabs/Muslims will be small in number (possibly because the Dajjal appears after the famine, spread of epidemic diseases, and Armageddon War in which lots of Arabs/Muslims will die).

(e) Few Religiously knowledgeable People
A Hadith of Jabir bin Abdullah which can be found in Ibn Kathir's An-Nihaya indicates that few people will be knowledgeable in Islamic religious principles and doctrines, and thus ignorance in religious matters will be prevalent.


3. The Dajjal's Parents

The following weak Hadith is reported by Abu Bakara: "His father will be tall and thin and his nose will be pointed like a beak, while his mother will be fat with two long hands. They will both remain thirty years without a child. After thirty years, a son with visual impairment in one eye, biting teeth and of little benefit will be born to them whose heart will remain awake while his eyes sleep." (Tirmizi)


4. Dajjal's Physical Description & Characteristics

Based on the Hadiths listed below, some of them could be weak Hadiths, the Dajjal (Anti-Christ) is relatively young1, fat man2, reddish in complexion3 , with a broad chest 4,and biting teeth5. He resembles Abdul Uzzah bin Qatad from the tribe of Khuza'a.6 His head will have coarse, curly hair8 . He has a hairy body7. On his forehead, the Arabic letters ك (ka), ف (Fa), ر (Ra) (which mean unbeliever) will be appear written between his eyes which every believer will be able to clearly see and read, regardless of whether the believer is literate or illiterate 9. He has a shining forehead10.. He walks briskly11. He has no children.12

Footnote:
1) Nawwas bin Samaan / Sahih Muslim 7) Sahih Muslim
2) Ibn Umar / Sahih Bukhari / Sahih Muslim 8) Nawwas bin Samaan / Sahih Muslim
3) I
bn Umar/ Sahih Bukhari 9) Anas bin Malik / Sahih Muslim
4) Abu Huraira / Musnad Ahmad 10) Abu Huraira / Musnad Ahmad
5) Abu Bakara / Tirmizi 11) Ubiadah / Abu Dawud
6) Nawwas bin Samaan / Sahih Muslim 12) Abu Saeed al-Khudri / Sahih Muslim


Anas bin Malik narrated that Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم said: " The Dajjal, between his eyes, is written ك (K), ف (F), ر (R) , meaning Kafir (unbeliever)..." (Sahih Muslim)

Abdullah bin Umar narrated that Allah's Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم said. "While I was sleeping, I saw myself (in a dream) performing Tawaf (circumambulation) around the Ka'ba (in Mecca). Behold, I saw a handsome (“reddish-white” according to some variations of this Hadith) man with straight hair, and water was dripping from his head. I asked, "Who is he?' They replied, 'The Son of Mary (meaning Jesus)'. Then I turned my face, and there was a stocky (fat) man, with red complexion, coarse & curly hair, and Awar (with deformed eye). His eye looked like a floating grape. They said 'This is the Dajjal '. (The Prophet added) 'Among people who resemble him (the Dajjal) most is Ibn Qatan, a man from the tribe of Khuza'a'." (Sahih Bukhari)

Many Hadiths state that the Dajjal (Anti-Christ) is Awar which means having one or two eyes deformed /disfigured:
- Most Hadiths indicate that the right eye is the seriously deformed /disfigured one; but some Hadiths indicate that it is the left eye.
- Most of the Hadiths that indicate both eyes are deformed /disfigured seem to portray that the condition of the right eye is more serious to the extent that he is most likely blind in his right eye, while the left eye is not blind, but just looks ugly.

However, the Dajjal does NOT necessarily have to be have physically Awar. It is possible that the word Awar, numerically, tells us something distinctive about the Dajjal.
Abdullah ibn Umar narrated that Allah's Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم stood up amongst the people and then praised and glorified Allah as He deserved and then he mentioned the Dajjal, saying, "I warn you of him, and there was no prophet but warned his followers of him; but I will tell you something about him which no prophet has told his followers: Ad-Dajjal is Awar (has a deformed eye) whereas Allah is not." (Sahih Bukhari )

Ubada ibn Saamit narrates that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said, "I have explained Dajjal to you, but I fear that you might not have understood. The Dajjal Messiah (False Messiah) will be short and his legs will be crooked. The hair on his head will be Aja'd (coarse and curly). He will be Awar (has a deformed eye), while his other eye will be flat. It will be neither deep, nor protruding."

Ibn Umar narrates from the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم regarding Dajjal (AntiChrist), "…red complexioned, fat, with coarse hair, Awar (has a deformed eye) in the right eye which looks like a bulging grape." (Sahih Bukhari)

" The Dajjal will be Awar (has a deformed eye) in the right eye. He will have thick hair on his body ...." (Sahih Muslim)

إنه شاب جعد قطط عينه طافية وإنه يخرج من خلة بين الشام والعراق

إنه شاب قطط عينه طافئة كأني أشبهه بعبد العزى بن قطن فمن أدركه منكم فليقرأ عليه فواتح سورة الكهف إنه خارج خلة بين الشأم والعراق فعاث يمينا وعاث شمالا يا عباد الله فاثبتوا قلنا يا رسول الله وما لبثه في الأرض قال أربعون يوما يوم كسنة ويوم كشهر ويوم كجمعة وسائر أيامه كأيامكم قلنا يا رسول الله فذلك اليوم الذي كسنة أتكفينا فيه صلاة يوم قال لا اقدروا له قدره


5. When will the Anti-Christ appear?

Abu Qubayl al-Ma'afiri said: "While they are like that, a rider will come to them and say: "You are here, but the Dajjal has taken your places among your families!" But it will be false. So whoever listens to the scholars regarding that, then he will stay there along with the spoils that he
won, and as for the others, they will depart. And the Muslims will build mosques in Constantinople and invade the lands beyond it, until the Dajjal comes out in the sixth (i.e. the sixth year or the sixth month)." (Nuaim bin Hammad's Kitab al-Fitan)

Mu'az ibn Jabal narrated that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said: "Al-Malhama Al-Kubra (Big Battle), conquest of Constantinople, and the coming-out of Dajjal (Anti-Christ) will be (occur) within (a period of) seven months." (Abu Dawud and Ibn Maja)

The following Hadiths present the sequence of events:

Mu'az ibn Jabal narrated that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said: "Omran (Visit) of Bayt Al-Maqdis (House of Holiness) will be (lead to) Halak (the pillaging and devastation) of Yathrib. The pillaging of Yathrib will be (lead to) the outbreak of the Big Battle. The outbreak of the Big Battle will be (lead to) the conquest of Constantinople . The conquest of Constantinople will be (lead to) the coming-out of Dajjal (Anti-Christ). Then, ... said: This is as real as you (Mu'az ibn Jabal) are here or you are sitting." (Abu Dawud)
Jaber bin Samra based on Nafi bin Otba reports that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said: " ...You will march against (or attack) the Arabian Peninsula and Allah will open (conquer) it, then Persia and Allah will open (conquer) it. Then, you will march against (attack) the Romans' land and Allah will open (or conquer) it. Then, you will march against (attack) the Dajjal (Anti-Christ) (or Dajjal's land), and Allah will open (conquer) it." Then, Nafi said (to Jaber): "O' Jaber, we will not see the Dajjal emerge until the Romans' land has been conquered (by Allah for the Muslims)." (Sahih Muslim and Ibn Majah)


6. Dajjal's Emergence & his Followers

After Muslims win the Big Battle (Armageddon), some time later, Muslims will conquer Constantinople with Takbir (without any battle or bloodshed). While the Muslim armies are distributing the war possessions acquired as a result of conquering Constantinople, someone will announce that the Dajjal (Anti-Christ) has appeared and causing Fitna (trials & tribulations) in your homes. On hearing this announcement, the Muslims will leave the war booty and head towards Syria. Later, they will realize that it was a false rumour. However, after reaching Syria, the Dajjal will truly emerge.

Amro bin Awf said that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said, "The Hour (of Resurrection) will not come until the nearest enemy-watching outposts (stations) of the Muslims will be in بَوْلَاءَ Bawla." ...The Prophet said, "You will fight Bani Al-Asfar (Yellow People or Romans), and those who come after you will fight them, until the best people among the Muslims, the people of Al-Hijaz (Western region of Saudi Arabia that includes Mecca, Medina, and Jeddah), will go out to fight them, fearing nothing but Allah. They will conquer Constantinople (a variation of this Hadith says 'Constantinople and Rome') by (saying or chanting) Tasbih (Subhan Allah, meaning "praise & glory to Allah" ) and Takbir (Allahu Akbar, meaning "Allah is Greater"), and they will obtain booty the like of which has never been seen - they will share it out by scooping it up with their shields. Someone will come and say, 'The Dajjal has appeared in your lands', but it is a lie. Anyone who believes it will regret it, and anyone who ignores it will regret it." (Ibn Maja)

He will be accompanied by Demons, and sorcerers/ magicians.

He will first claim to be a Messiah and then claim to be God.

There is a Hadith that says the Dajjal will travel the World riding a white donkey (or mule), the two ears of which will be forty hands apart, moving at super speed, as fast as a cloud driven by winds (this "donkey" could be in fact a supersonic airplane). He will travel to the East and the West, entering every town on Earth, except Mecca and Medina, performing super-natural acts wherever he goes.


Several Hadiths mention the Dajjal will have particular influence over women.

We think his staunchest followers will most likely be Zionist Jews/Christians, and possib