وحدة من هاي الطرق هي الـ esophageal speech (الكلام باستخدام المريء). الفكرة هي أنّ المريض يبتلع الهواء ويخزنه بالمريء، وبعدين يطلعه كأنما ديتجشأ burping بس وية فرق واحد مهم: بنفس الوقت هو رح يستخدم حلكه حتى يحوّل الـ airflow هذا إلى كلام مفهوم، يعني يسويله articulation.

بالمناسبة، الـ articulation هو نفسه "النطق" اللي يتم باستخدام الأسنان واللسان وسقف الفم والشفاه. بينما الـ phonation هو إنتاج الصوت باستخدام الحنجرة والحبال الصوتية.

مرضى الـ laryngectomy يفقدون الـ phonation بس مو الـ articulation.

+ أكو أصوات معينة ما نحتاج بيها الحنجرة أصلًا مثل صوت السين والشين والثاء وأعتقد وياها الـ ch الألمانية. هاي الأصوات يسموها unvoiced لأنها ما تحتاج الحنجرة.

تكدر تلزم حنجرتك بينما تكولهن ورح تشوف أنها ما تتحرك ولا تهتز. بينما من تكول صوت اللام أو الدال مثلًا رح تهتز حنجرتك، هاي الأصوات يسموها voiced لأنها تحتاج الحنجرة حتى يتم إنتاجها.

Rete Mirabile
(Marvelous network)

It refers to a blood vessel that divides into many small vessels (thus becoming a network) and then rejoins to form a single vessel.

It exists in many organs in vertebrae:
• It is present in fish gills to aid oxygen absorption from the environment.
• In humans, it is present in the kidney around the loop of Henle to aid in ion exchange.
• It is also present near the human testes to cool it down and keep sperms viable. In this case it is called pampiniform plexus.

The most important location of the rete mirabile is in the base of the brain of many mammals (like dogs, cats, and sheep).
This is especially significant because, there, the hot arterial blood from rete mirabile runs very close to the cold venous blood in the cavernous sinus. This forms a heat-exchange unit where the arterial blood supplying the brain gets cooled down, and therefore, helps save the brain from overheating.

That's why dogs pant: because panting means that more air is entering the nasal cavity. This air cools down the blood in the nasal mucosa, which travels via the veins to the cavernous sinus. There, this "cold" blood absorbs excessive heat from the brain (from the rete mirabile, exactly) and this cools down the brain.

This is a sheep's rete mirabile (referred to as "carotid rete" on the right side).

Cat's rete mirabile (carotid rete)

Dog's rete mirabile along with turbinate bones which help cool the air in the nose and send it to the cavernous sinus (to cool down the brain).

In humans, the intracranial rete mirabile exists only in rare pathological cases where the original blood vessel is hypoplastic, or absent altogether. It is reported involving the internal carotid, vertebral and posterior cerebral arteries.

It's all Galen's fault

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"Bajadères in Cairo" by Alberto Fabbi