Physics

Hooke’s law is an empirical law. True or False?
A) True✅
B) False
C) Cannot be determined
Solution
An empirical law is one which can be proven using an experiment, and Hooke's law happens to fit into this category. Option A is correct ✅

Hooke’s law states that?
A) stress is always proportional to strain✅
B) stress is proportional to strain before ultimate tensile strength
C) stress is proportional to strain under elastic limit
D) stress and strain are never directly proportional
Solution
A basic explanation of Hooke's law is that provided the elastic limit of an elastic material is not exceeded, the applied force is always proportional to the extension produced. However, it could be restated that *the stress experienced in an elastic material is proportional to the resulting strain*. For this reason, Stress α Strain, and the ratio of stress to strain is always CONSTANT. This constant is known as The Young's Modulus of the material. A is correct ✅

As the tension in an elastic string is increased from 100N to 180N, the string extends by 10cm. The work done in increasing the tension is ?
A) 8J
B) 10J
C) 14J✅
D) 18J

The load supported by a spring is increased from 50N to 90N . If the force constant for the spring is 2000N/m, the additional energy stored in the spring due to the increase in load is?
A)1.4J✅
B)0.9J
C)0.5J
D)0.4J
Solution
When the load is 50N
W = F²/2k
= 50²/2(2000)
= 0.625J
When the load is 90N
W = F²/2k
= 90²/2(2000)
= 2.025
∆W = 2.025-0.625
∆W = 1.4J✅

A 5m long wire is fixed to the ceiling. A weight of 10kg is hung at the lower end, and is 1m above the floor. The wire was elongated by 1mm. The energy stored in the wire due to stretching is?
A) zero B) 0.05J ✅C)100J D) 500J
Solution
elongation (extension) = 1mm = 1×10-³m
Force = 10kg×10m/s² = 100N
ENERGY stored = ½Fe
= ½×100×10-³
= 0.5×10-¹
= 0.05J✅

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📒Alloy
An alloy is a substance prepared by adding one or more element to a base or parent metal to obtain desirable products

🌟Brass -Cu and zn
Use for making moving parts of clocks and watches

🌟Bronze- Cu and Sn
For making coins and medal

🌟 Duralumin- Al, Cu ,Mg Mn
For construction of air craft, ships and machineries

🌟Steel- Fe and C
For construction of bridges ships and machineries

🌟 permallory- Fe and Ni
For making electromagnet

🌟Alnico -Fe,Al,Ni,Co
for making permanent magnet

🌟Soft solder - Pb and Sn
For welding and plumbing

🌟Type metal -Pb , Sb , Sn
For printing

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1.which of the following is use for the construction of bridges

A. Bronze

B. Steel✅

C. Soft solder

D. Alnico


2.coinage bronze is made up of cu, zn and

A. Al
B. Be
C. Sn✅
D. Na

3.an alloy is usually regarded as
A. A compound
B. A set of element
C. Uniform mixture ✅
D. None of the above

4.which of the following is use for printing
A. Type metal✅
B. Alnico
C. Duralumin
D. Brass


5.Galena is an ore of
A.copper
B.lead✅
C. Aluminum
D. Tin

6.potassium is very hard to extract with electrolysis because
A. It is soft
B. It is deliquescent
C. It evaporates fast
D. It is very reactive✅

7.Haber process is use to produce
A. Sulfur
B. Ammonia✅
C. Sodium bicarbonate
D. Nitrogen

8.calcium react directly with nitrogen to form
A. Ca3N3
B. Ca2N3
C. Ca3N2✅
D. Ca3N

9.most metal exist in nature as

A. Crust
B. Alloy
C. Ores✅
D. Felspar

10.Tin is purified by
A. Remelting✅
B. Concentrating
C. Roasting
C. All of the above

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🔰 Inorganic Chem Question Drill


1. Hydrogen was named by

A) Priestly
B) Lavoisier✅
C) J.J. Thompson
D) Cavendish

2. Which of the following metals would not liberate hydrogen from water or steam?

A) iron
B) magnesium
C) copper✅
D) zinc

3. What process is used in the industrial production of hydrogen in large quantities

A) haber process
B) Bosch process✅
C) frasch process
D) ostwald process

4. Synthesis gas differ from water gases because

A) they are composed of different gases
B) synthesis gas is more reactive
C) they have different mode of preparation✅
D) synthesis gas contains less hydrogen

5. What step in Bosch process is spontaneous

A) oxidation of steam
B) reduction of carbon
C) production of water gas
D) reduction of steam✅

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🛑very reactive metal include
🔗potassium
🔗sodium
🔗 calcium
🔗magnesium
🔗 Aluminum
Note |🌟The above are metals are extracted by electrolysis of fused hydroxide, chloride or oxides

🛑moderately reactive metals include
aluminium
⚡zinc
⚡ iron
⚡tin
⚡lead
Note🔗the above metal are extracted by Roasting of their trioxocarbonate and sulphide to form oxides .this is done by the reduction of oxides by carbon or carbon (ii) oxide

🛑less reactive metals include
🥇 copper
🥇 Mercury
🥇silver
🥇gold
The above metals can be extracted by Roasting in air of their sulphide while some like Au and Ag exist as free element .
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NITROGEN AND IT`S COMPOUNDS 🔆📝

INTRODUCTION
-Nitrogen is element 7 in the periodic table and it occurs majorly as a free element in nature.
- it makes up about 78% of the volume of air in the atmosphere,
- free nitrogen is important in the atmosphere because it helps to dilute oxygen to the point where combustion and oxidation of metals are reasonably slow,
- Nitrogen occurs in its combined forms and its one of the major component present in proteins of both plants and animals

LABORATORY PREPARATION OF NITROGEN🔔
This can be done in various ways which includes
-liquefaction of air
-Thermal decomposition of NH4NO2( ammonium dioxonitrate iii)
- Reduction of the oxide of nitrogen
- Thermal decomposition of ammonium heptaoxo dichromate vi
👇👇

1 liquefaction of air; The air sample that is collected can be separated using two methods

a Physical method
The air is enclosed in a container and is converted into liquid mixture by reducing the temperature and increasing the pressure.
when converted to liquid form they are separated by fractional distillation. This makes each constituent of air to boil out then liquid in nitrogen is obtained

b Chemical methods
Components of air can be obtained by using chemical reagent to separate or absorb the different components of air
-CO2 can be obtained by using caustic soda (NaOH)
- Oxygen can be obtained by using
a alkaline pyrogallol( 1,2,3- trihydroxybenzene)
b burning phosphorus
c heated copper
-water vapour in air can be absorbed using drying agent such as CaCl2

NOTE‼️Nitrogen and noble gases cannot be absorbed by chemical reactant because they are unreactive.
The reactive component can be separated by physical method( fractional distillation)

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🔗Types of iron

🌟Pig iron is obtained directly from the furnace and still contains some impurities ,which lowers its melting point

🌟Cast iron is obtained from pig iron which has been remelted and now contains less impurities ,it is the iron that cannot be welded or forged
It is use in making cookers,stove , radiators,Bunsen burner

🌟 Wrought iron is the purest form of commercial iron it is obtained by heating cast iron ,it can easily be welded and forged,it is use for making nails ,chains, iron rod,horse shoes ,cores of electromagnetic and agricultural implement

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❤Days of Little Beginnings

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