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📒Metals Introduction
📌metals with a few exceptions have high boiling point and melting point they have relatively high densities and are good conductors of heat and electricity they are shiny malleable ductile and have high tensile strength

📌Questions
What does
Mallability, ductility, sonorous and lustre nature of metals

Drop ur ideas👇👇

📍metals tend to ionize by-election loss to form positive ions why nom metals tend to ionize by accepting electrons to form negative ions

📍most oxide of metals are basic why does of non-metals are acidic or neutral


📍metals which are more electropositive than hydrogen displaced it from acid

🛑metals are found in combining form as mineral

🛑Ore contain minerals and earthy impurities the reactive metals are extracted from their ore by electrolytic reduction the less reactive metals are extracted by chemical and thermal reduction of their ores

This are the common characteristics of all metals📌

🔗 concentration of ore
Ore may be concentrated by one of these ways

📍washing away of the earthly materials in a stream of water to leave behind the heavier ore as in the case of tin ore


📍 Froth flotation as in the case of zinc

📍By passing ore which are magnetic e.g copper ore through a magnetic separator

📌 Roasting of ore in air is usually done in order to change it to an oxide , ores which are oxide are easy to deal with during metal extraction

🛑very reactive metal include

🔗potassium

🔗sodium

🔗 calcium


🔗magnesium


🔗 Aluminum


Note |🌟The above are metals are extracted by electrolysis of fused hydroxide, chloride or oxides


🛑moderately reactive metals include

aluminium
⚡zinc

⚡ iron

⚡tin

⚡lead


Note🔗the above metal are extracted by Roasting of their trioxocarbonate and sulphide to form oxides .this is done by the reduction of oxides by carbon or carbon (ii) oxide


🛑less reactive metals include

🥇 copper

🥇 Mercury

🥇silver

🥇gold

The above metals can be extracted by Roasting in air of their sulphide while some like Au and Ag exist as free element

📒 Alkali metals

📌With the exception of hydrogen or group 1 elements are metals they include lithium potassium sodium known as alkali metals since they react with water to form alkalis they similar physical and chemical properties

2K +2H2O>>2KOH +H2

📒 sodium
📌 sodium is a typical group 1 elements it is extracted by the electrolytic reduction of fused sodium chloride in the downs cell

📌it is silvery metal with relative density of 0.98 and low melting point of 97 degrees Celsius it is very reactive readily combined with the atmospheric gases and has to be stored under oil


🔗Test for sodium ion
Sodium compounds give a golden yellow colour to a non luminous flame ,while potassium gives a lilac flame which looks crimson when viewed through blue glass

📌 Question NaOH is exposed to air it forms??

🌟compounds of sodium and potassium are ionic solids with high melting points they are soluble in water and white unless the anions are coloured

🌟sodium hydroxide or caustic soda(NaOH) is manufactured by the electrolysis of brine which is used to manufacture soap,rayon

🌟 Sodium chloride is obtained from rock salt and sea water (NaCl)

📌It is diatary requirement and is a common food preservative , it is use to manufacture many compound such as sodium , chlorine or NaOH

🌟sodium trioxocarbonate (iv) or washing soda is manufactured by solvay process from sodium chloride and calcium trioxocarbonate

📌it is used to make glass caustic soda and soap and as a water softener

Note 🔗 potassium trioxonitrate(v) is use to make explosive (gun powder)

📒 Group 2 elements

🌟All Group 2 elements are metals known as alkali Earth metals

🌟they have only two valence electrons in the atom and ion is readily to form divalent positive ions they are reactive


📒 Calcium
🔗calcium occurs naturally as calcium trioxocarbonate (iv) in limestone, chalk and marbel

🔗 it is extracted by the electrolysis of fused chloride of calcium

🔗 calcium reacts readily with water and with carbon (iv)Oxide and oxygen air

🔗calcium is an essential dietary requirement needed for the development of healthy bones and teeth

🛑 Compounds of calcium

🌟Calcium oxide(caO) or quicklime is made by heating limestone , it is used to make slaked lime and calcium carbide , to treat soils and also neutralizes acidic waste in industry

🌟 calcium hydroxide or slaked like is used to treat acidic soil and to make mortar , an important building material
Note that mortar is not used under water because it solidifies by lossing water



🌟 calcium carbonate as limestone is a major raw material in chemical industry .
It is use for the extraction of iron and for making glass , quicklime and cement which are important building material

🔗Note CaSO4 is called gypsum

📒 Magnesium is extracted by electrolysis of fused chloride
It is use to prepare light but tough alloys

📌Test for calcium calcium gives a brick red or orange red colour to a non luminous flame

If the brick red is viewed through a blue glass it will appear green

📒All group 3 elements are metals except boron

🌟 aluminium is a familiar Group 3 element has 3 valence electrons in each atom and tends to form more covalent compounds than ionic ones



🛑 Aluminium is found commonly as the oxide ore bauxite(alumia) . the metal is extracted by electrolysis of the molten oxide


🌟Aluminium reacts with oxygen in air to form an oxide which forms a thin continuous coating over the metal this makes the metal corrosion free and passive

🌟It is amphoteric and react with both acid and base

🌟It reduces iron (iii)oxide to molten iron , this reaction is used in thermite process to weld broken metallic parts

🌟 Aluminium is used for making cooking utensils and overhead cables , it alloys are used for making parts of aircraft

🌟 Aluminium is the third most plentiful element in the Earth crust

📒 Compound of Aluminium

🌟 Aluminium oxide or alumina is prepared by heating aluminium hydroxide

🌟 it is amphoteric

🌟 it is used to make furnace lining and in the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons

🌟 aluminium hydroxide is used as a mordant in dyeing clothes

🌟 aluminium tetraoxosulphate VI forms alums with other tetraoxosulphate(vi)

It is use in the treatment of water and sewage and in paper making

📒Group 4 metals

group 4 elements change from the non-metal carbon to metal tin and lead as we go down the group since the atom of this element have 4 valence electron they tend to form covalent compound

carbon forms covalent compounds in which it is has oxidation state of + 4 tin and lead form compounds in which there exists in the + 2 and +4 oxidation state the stable compound of Lead are the(ii) compounds which are mainly ionic

🛑Tin occurs as the oxide ore cassiterite . It is extracted by roasting the ore in air to remove impurities and then heating the concentrated ore with powdered charcoal to reduce the tin(iv)oxide to the metal
The impure tin is purified by remelting


🛑Tin is use to coat iron and steel to prevent them from rusting . It is important in the food canning industry for coating the cans !!

🛑lead occurs mainly as sulphide ore , Galena (PbS)
The ore is roasted in air and then heated in a blast furnace with coke to extract the metal

🛑Lead is used for roofing and for making gas pipes , bullets, lead accumulators and alloys , it is used as a shield against X-rays and radioactive radiation

🛑 Compounds of lead

🔗Lead(ii)oxide is amphoteric , it is used in making lead accumulators and lead glass , and as drier in paints , varnishes and glazes

🔗Lead(iv) oxide is a powerful oxidizing agent it is use I'm match heads and in lead accumulators

Question
Most metal exist in nature as

What is the common ore of tin

Lead can be extracted by electrolysis T/F

Ore ✅
Cassiterite ✅
False✅

📒 Transition element are all metals of economic importance , they are found in the d block of the periodic table