A magnet is similar to a bipolar charged system in that

A. It consists of two opposite poles - the north and south poles
B. The earth's magnetic field has a south pole near the geographical north pole and a north pole near the geographical south pole
C. The force of attraction and repulsion between opposite and between like poles obeys a law for electrostatic charges
D. A and B only
E. A and C only

Which of the following elements are real magnetic materials?

A. Iron, steel and nickel
B. Copper, steel and iron
C. Lead, iron and brass
D. Glass, lead and steel
E. Stone, air and iron

Which of the following methods CANNOT be used to produce a steel magnet? The

A. Passing of an electric current through a solenoid
B. Repeated stroking of the specimen with a magnet
C. Repeated stroking of the specimen in opposite directions with magnets
D. Heating of the specimen
E. Hammering of the specimen in the earth's magnetic field

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Over 30 of our students did 2023/24 UNILORIN matriculation. Congratulations to them

Congratulations Titi (DT ex PUTME student) on your matriculation to ABU .

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Over 30 of our students did the last UNILORIN matriculation. Congratulations to them. DT has recorded over 100 admissions, we are set to do more this year

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📒Metals Introduction
📌metals with a few exceptions have high boiling point and melting point they have relatively high densities and are good conductors of heat and electricity they are shiny malleable ductile and have high tensile strength

📌Questions
What does
Mallability, ductility, sonorous and lustre nature of metals

Drop ur ideas👇👇

📍metals tend to ionize by-election loss to form positive ions why nom metals tend to ionize by accepting electrons to form negative ions

📍most oxide of metals are basic why does of non-metals are acidic or neutral


📍metals which are more electropositive than hydrogen displaced it from acid

🛑metals are found in combining form as mineral

🛑Ore contain minerals and earthy impurities the reactive metals are extracted from their ore by electrolytic reduction the less reactive metals are extracted by chemical and thermal reduction of their ores

This are the common characteristics of all metals📌

🔗 concentration of ore
Ore may be concentrated by one of these ways

📍washing away of the earthly materials in a stream of water to leave behind the heavier ore as in the case of tin ore


📍 Froth flotation as in the case of zinc

📍By passing ore which are magnetic e.g copper ore through a magnetic separator

📌 Roasting of ore in air is usually done in order to change it to an oxide , ores which are oxide are easy to deal with during metal extraction

🛑very reactive metal include

🔗potassium

🔗sodium

🔗 calcium


🔗magnesium


🔗 Aluminum


Note |🌟The above are metals are extracted by electrolysis of fused hydroxide, chloride or oxides


🛑moderately reactive metals include

aluminium
⚡zinc

⚡ iron

⚡tin

⚡lead


Note🔗the above metal are extracted by Roasting of their trioxocarbonate and sulphide to form oxides .this is done by the reduction of oxides by carbon or carbon (ii) oxide


🛑less reactive metals include

🥇 copper

🥇 Mercury

🥇silver

🥇gold

The above metals can be extracted by Roasting in air of their sulphide while some like Au and Ag exist as free element

📒 Alkali metals

📌With the exception of hydrogen or group 1 elements are metals they include lithium potassium sodium known as alkali metals since they react with water to form alkalis they similar physical and chemical properties

2K +2H2O>>2KOH +H2

📒 sodium
📌 sodium is a typical group 1 elements it is extracted by the electrolytic reduction of fused sodium chloride in the downs cell

📌it is silvery metal with relative density of 0.98 and low melting point of 97 degrees Celsius it is very reactive readily combined with the atmospheric gases and has to be stored under oil


🔗Test for sodium ion
Sodium compounds give a golden yellow colour to a non luminous flame ,while potassium gives a lilac flame which looks crimson when viewed through blue glass

📌 Question NaOH is exposed to air it forms??

🌟compounds of sodium and potassium are ionic solids with high melting points they are soluble in water and white unless the anions are coloured

🌟sodium hydroxide or caustic soda(NaOH) is manufactured by the electrolysis of brine which is used to manufacture soap,rayon

🌟 Sodium chloride is obtained from rock salt and sea water (NaCl)

📌It is diatary requirement and is a common food preservative , it is use to manufacture many compound such as sodium , chlorine or NaOH

🌟sodium trioxocarbonate (iv) or washing soda is manufactured by solvay process from sodium chloride and calcium trioxocarbonate

📌it is used to make glass caustic soda and soap and as a water softener

Note 🔗 potassium trioxonitrate(v) is use to make explosive (gun powder)

📒 Group 2 elements

🌟All Group 2 elements are metals known as alkali Earth metals

🌟they have only two valence electrons in the atom and ion is readily to form divalent positive ions they are reactive


📒 Calcium
🔗calcium occurs naturally as calcium trioxocarbonate (iv) in limestone, chalk and marbel

🔗 it is extracted by the electrolysis of fused chloride of calcium

🔗 calcium reacts readily with water and with carbon (iv)Oxide and oxygen air

🔗calcium is an essential dietary requirement needed for the development of healthy bones and teeth

🛑 Compounds of calcium

🌟Calcium oxide(caO) or quicklime is made by heating limestone , it is used to make slaked lime and calcium carbide , to treat soils and also neutralizes acidic waste in industry

🌟 calcium hydroxide or slaked like is used to treat acidic soil and to make mortar , an important building material
Note that mortar is not used under water because it solidifies by lossing water



🌟 calcium carbonate as limestone is a major raw material in chemical industry .
It is use for the extraction of iron and for making glass , quicklime and cement which are important building material

🔗Note CaSO4 is called gypsum