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🚀 Data Science Roadmap 2026

📘 Phase 1: Programming Fundamentals

🐍 Topic 2: Python Operators

In the previous lesson, you learned about Variables & Data Types. Now it's time to learn how Python performs calculations, comparisons, and logical operations using operators.

Operators are one of the most fundamental concepts in Python. You'll use them in almost every program, from simple calculations to complex Machine Learning algorithms.

🔹 1. What are Operators?

Operators are special symbols used to perform operations on variables and values.

Example:

a = 10
b = 5
print(a + b)

Output:

15  

Here, "+" is an operator that adds two numbers.

🔹 2. Types of Operators in Python

Python has several types of operators:

✅ Arithmetic Operators

✅ Comparison Operators

✅ Assignment Operators

✅ Logical Operators

✅ Membership Operators

✅ Identity Operators

🔹 3. Arithmetic Operators ⭐

Used for mathematical calculations.

Operators:

• ** + Addition**: 10 + 5 = 15

• - Subtraction: 10 - 5 = 5

• ** Multiplication*: 10 * 5 = 50

• / Division: 10 / 5 = 2.0

• // Floor Division: 10 // 3 = 3

• % Modulus (Remainder): 10 % 3 = 1

• ** Exponent: 2 ** 3 = 8

Example:

a = 10
b = 3
print(a + b)
print(a - b)
print(a * b)
print(a / b)
print(a // b)
print(a % b)
print(a ** b)

🔹 4. Comparison Operators ⭐

Used to compare two values. The result is always True or False.

Operators:

• == Equal to

• != Not Equal to

• > Greater than

• < Less than

• >= Greater than or Equal to

• <= Less than or Equal to

Example:

x = 20
y = 10
print(x > y)
print(x == y)
print(x != y)

Output:

True  
False  
True

🔹 5. Assignment Operators

Used to assign values to variables.

x = 10
x += 5
print(x)

Output:

15

Other assignment operators:

x -= 2  
x *= 3  
x /= 2

🔹 6. Logical Operators ⭐

Used to combine multiple conditions.

and

Returns True only if both conditions are True.

age = 25
print(age > 18 and age < 30)

Output:

True

or

Returns True if at least one condition is True.

print(age < 18 or age < 30)

Output:

True

not

Reverses the result.

print(not(age > 18))

Output:

False

🔹 7. Membership Operators

Used to check whether a value exists in a sequence.

in

fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Mango"]
print("Apple" in fruits)

Output:

True

not in

print("Orange" not in fruits)

Output:

True

🔹 8. Identity Operators

Used to check whether two variables refer to the same object.

is

a = [1, 2]
b = a
print(a is b)

Output:

True

is not

x = [1, 2]
y = [1, 2]
print(x is not y)

Output:

True

🔹 9. Operator Precedence

Python follows the PEMDAS/BODMAS rule while evaluating expressions.

Example:

result = 10 + 5 * 2
print(result)

Output:

20  

Multiplication is performed before addition.

Use parentheses to change the order.

result = (10 + 5) * 2
print(result)

Output:

30

🔹 10. Real-World Example

salary = 60000
bonus = 5000
total_salary = salary + bonus
is_high_salary = total_salary > 50000
print(total_salary)
print(is_high_salary)

Output:

65000  
True

🎯 Key Takeaways

✅ Operators perform calculations and comparisons.

✅ Arithmetic operators are used for mathematical operations.

✅ Comparison operators return True or False.

✅ Logical operators help combine multiple conditions.

✅ Membership operators check if a value exists in a sequence.

✅ Identity operators check whether two variables refer to the same object. 

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🚀 Data Science Roadmap 2026

📘 Phase 1: Programming Fundamentals

🐍 Topic 3: Python Input & Output

In the previous lesson, you learned about Python Operators. Now it's time to learn how Python interacts with users by taking input and displaying output.

Input and Output (I/O) are fundamental concepts because almost every real-world program accepts input, processes it, and produces meaningful output.

🔹 1. What is Input & Output?

A Python program generally follows three steps:

Input → Process → Output

Example:

• User enters two numbers Input

• Python adds them Process

• Sum is displayed Output

🔹 2. Displaying Output

Python uses the print() function to display information on the screen.

Example

print("Hello, Data Science!")

Output

Hello, Data Science!

🔹 3. Printing Variables

You can print variables along with text.

name = "Deepak"
print(name)

Output:

Deepak

Or:

name = "Deepak"
print("Welcome", name)

Output:

Welcome Deepak

🔹 4. Taking User Input

Python uses the input() function to receive input from users.

name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello", name)

Example Output:

Enter your name: Deepak
Hello Deepak

🔹 5. Important Note ⭐

The input() function always returns a string, even if the user enters a number.

age = input("Enter age: ")
print(type(age))

Output:

<class 'str'>

🔹 6. Converting Input to Integer

To perform mathematical operations, convert the input using int().

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
print(age + 5)

Example:

Enter your age: 25
30

🔹 7. Taking Decimal Input

Use float() for decimal numbers.

price = float(input("Enter price: "))
print(price)

🔹 8. Taking Multiple Inputs

You can take multiple inputs in a single line.

name, city = input("Enter your name and city: ").split()
print(name)
print(city)

Example Input:

Deepak Mumbai

Output:

Deepak
Mumbai

🔹 9. Formatting Output

Using f-Strings ⭐ Recommended

name = "Deepak"
age = 25
print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.")

Output:

My name is Deepak and I am 25 years old.

Using .format()

name = "Deepak"
print("Welcome {}".format(name))

🔹 10. Example Program

name = input("Enter your name: ")
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

print(f"Hello {name}")
print(f"Next year you will be {age + 1} years old.")

Example Output:

Enter your name: Deepak
Enter your age: 25
Hello Deepak
Next year you will be 26 years old.

🔹 11. Common Mistake

num1 = input("Enter first number: ")
num2 = input("Enter second number: ")
print(num1 + num2)

Input:

10
20

Output:

1020

Why?

Because both values are strings.

Correct way:

num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))
num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print(num1 + num2)

Output:

30

🔹 12. Real-World Example

salary = float(input("Enter your monthly salary: "))
annual_salary = salary * 12
print(f"Your annual salary is {annual_salary}")

🎯 Practice Questions 

1. Take your name as input and print a welcome message. 

2. Take two integers as input and print their sum. 

3. Take a student's marks as input and print them using an f-string. 

4. Take the radius of a circle as input and calculate the area. 

5. Take your birth year as input and calculate your approximate age. 

🎯 Key Takeaways

✅ Use print() to display output

✅ Use input() to accept user input

✅ input() always returns a string

✅ Convert input using int() or float() when needed

✅ Use f-strings for clean and readable output formatting 

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🚀 Data Science Roadmap 2026

📘 Phase 1: Programming Fundamentals

🐍 Topic 4: Python Conditional Statements (if, elif, else)

Welcome back! 👋

In the previous lesson, you learned how to take input from users and display output. Now it's time to learn how Python makes decisions.

Conditional statements allow a program to execute different blocks of code based on whether a condition is True or False.

They are one of the most important concepts in Python and are used extensively in Data Science, Machine Learning, and real-world applications.

🔹 1. What are Conditional Statements?

Conditional statements help Python decide which code should run based on a condition.

Think of it like making everyday decisions:

• If it's raining → Carry an umbrella.

• Else → Wear sunglasses.

Similarly, Python checks a condition and decides what to execute.

🔹 2. The "if" Statement

The "if" statement executes a block of code only if the condition is True.

Syntax

if condition:
    # Code to execute

Example

age = 20
if age >= 18:
    print("Eligible to vote")

Output

Eligible to vote

🔹 3. The "if...else" Statement

Use "else" when you want to execute another block if the condition is False.

Example

age = 16
if age >= 18:
    print("Eligible to vote")
else:
    print("Not eligible to vote")

Output

Not eligible to vote

🔹 4. The "if...elif...else" Statement ⭐

Use "elif" when you need to check multiple conditions.

Example

marks = 85
if marks >= 90:
    print("Grade A")
elif marks >= 75:
    print("Grade B")
elif marks >= 60:
    print("Grade C")
else:
    print("Grade D")

Output

Grade B

Python checks conditions from top to bottom and executes the first condition that is True.

🔹 5. Nested "if" Statements

You can place one "if" statement inside another.

Example

age = 25
citizen = True
if age >= 18:
    if citizen:
        print("Eligible to vote")

Output

Eligible to vote

🔹 6. Using Logical Operators

Conditional statements often use logical operators.

"and"

age = 25
if age >= 18 and age <= 60:
    print("Working Age")

"or"

marks = 35
if marks >= 40 or marks == 35:
    print("Eligible for Grace Marks")

"not"

is_holiday = False
if not is_holiday:
    print("Go to Office")

🔹 7. Checking Multiple Conditions

salary = 60000
experience = 4
if salary > 50000 and experience >= 3:
    print("Eligible for Promotion")
else:
    print("Not Eligible")

🔹 8. Ternary Operator ⭐

A shorter way to write an "if...else" statement.

Syntax

value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example

age = 20
status = "Adult" if age >= 18 else "Minor"
print(status)

Output

Adult

🔹 9. Real-World Example

temperature = 38
if temperature > 35:
    print("It's a hot day.")
elif temperature >= 20:
    print("Weather is pleasant.")
else:
    print("It's cold.")

🔹 10. Common Mistakes

❌ Missing Colon

if age >= 18
    print("Eligible")

This gives a SyntaxError.

Correct:

if age >= 18:
    print("Eligible")

❌ Incorrect Indentation

if age >= 18:
print("Eligible")

Python requires proper indentation.

Correct:

if age >= 18:
    print("Eligible")

🔹 11. Real-World Data Science Example

prediction = 0.82
if prediction >= 0.5:
    print("Spam Email")
else:
    print("Not Spam")

Many Machine Learning classification models use similar logic to convert prediction probabilities into categories.

🎯 Practice Questions

1. Check whether a number is positive or negative.

2. Check whether a person is eligible to vote.

3. Create a grading system using "if...elif...else".

4. Check whether a number is even or odd.

5. Determine the largest of three numbers.

🎯 Key Takeaways

✅ Use "if" to execute code when a condition is True.

✅ Use "else" to execute code when the condition is False.

✅ Use "elif" to check multiple conditions.

✅ Nested "if" statements allow more complex decision-making.

✅ Logical operators (and, or, not) help combine conditions.

✅ The ternary operator provides a concise way to write simple "if...else" statements.

Conditional statements are the foundation of decision-making in Python and are widely used in automation, data analysis, machine learning, and AI applications.

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📘 Phase 1: Programming Fundamentals

🐍 Topic 5: Python Loops ("for" & "while")

Welcome back! 👋

In the previous lesson, you learned how Python makes decisions using if, elif, and else. Now it's time to learn how to repeat tasks automatically using loops.

Loops are one of the most powerful concepts in Python. Instead of writing the same code multiple times, you can use loops to execute a block of code repeatedly.

In Data Science, loops are commonly used to process datasets, automate repetitive tasks, iterate through lists, and build machine learning workflows.

🔹 1. What is a Loop?

A loop is used to execute a block of code multiple times until a condition is met.

Without loops:

print("Hello")
print("Hello")
print("Hello")
print("Hello")
print("Hello")

Using a loop:

for i in range(5):
    print("Hello")

Both produce the same output, but the loop is much shorter and easier to maintain.

🔹 2. Types of Loops in Python

Python provides two main types of loops:

✅ "for" Loop

✅ "while" Loop

🔹 3. The "for" Loop ⭐

A "for" loop is used when you know how many times you want to repeat a task.

Syntax

for variable in sequence:
    # Code to execute

Example

for i in range(5):
    print(i)

Output:

0  
1  
2  
3  
4

Notice that range(5) generates numbers from 0 to 4.

🔹 4. The "range()" Function ⭐

The range() function generates a sequence of numbers.

Example 1

for i in range(5):
    print(i)

Output: 0 1 2 3 4

Example 2

for i in range(1, 6):
    print(i)

Output: 1 2 3 4 5

Example 3

for i in range(2, 11, 2):
    print(i)

Output: 2 4 6 8 10

The third argument is called the step size.

🔹 5. Looping Through a List

fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Mango"]

for fruit in fruits:
    print(fruit)

Output:

Apple  
Banana  
Mango

🔹 6. The "while" Loop ⭐

A "while" loop continues executing as long as the condition remains True.

Syntax

while condition:
    # Code

Example

count = 1

while count <= 5:
    print(count)
    count += 1

Output: 1 2 3 4 5

🔹 7. Infinite Loop

Be careful when using "while" loops.

while True:
    print("Hello")

This loop never stops unless interrupted.

Always ensure the condition eventually becomes False.

🔹 8. Loop Control Statements ⭐

"break" - Stops the loop immediately

for i in range(10):
    if i == 5:
        break
    print(i)

Output: 0 1 2 3 4

"continue" - Skips the current iteration

for i in range(5):
    if i == 2:
        continue
    print(i)

Output: 0 1 3 4

"pass" - Acts as a placeholder

for i in range(5):
    pass

Useful when writing incomplete code.

🔹 9. Nested Loops

A loop inside another loop.

for i in range(3):
    for j in range(2):
        print(i, j)

Output:

0 0  
0 1  
1 0  
1 1  
2 0  
2 1

🔹 10. Real-World Data Science Example

Calculate the total sales.