अवध ओझा सर ने ऐसा क्या कहा, जो करोल बाग - UPSC INSTITUTES में भगदड़ मच गई! #avadhojha #avadhojhasir

Watch Now - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqbkSG_JsJ8

Elevate Your UPSC Prelims Preparation with AVADH OJHA CLASSES All India Free Open Mock Tests

Offline Mode Only

Register Now - https://avadhojhaclasses.com/upsc-mock-tests/all-india-mock-tests

Elevate Your UPSC Prelims Preparation with AVADH OJHA CLASSES All India Free Open Mock Tests

Date - 5th June 2024

Offline Mode Only

Register Now - https://avadhojhaclasses.com/upsc-mock-tests/all-india-mock-tests

Lakshya - All India Mock Test

Elevate Your UPSC Prelims Preparation with AVADH OJHA CLASSES All India Free Open Mock Tests

Date - 5th June 2024

Offline Mode Only

Register Now - https://avadhojhaclasses.com/upsc-mock-tests/all-india-mock-tests

*🌲🌲Forest Report (IFSR) 2021*

*▪️Key pointer about India :*
▫️Total Forest Cover = 21.71%
▫️Total Forest & Tree Cover = 24.62%

*▪️Largest Forest Cover ( Area wise):-*
1. MP
2.Arunachal Pradesh
3.Chhattisgarh
4.Odisha
5.Maharashtra

*▪️Total Forest Cover ( %age of total GA) :* Top five States are
▫️Mizoram (84.53%)
▫️Arunachal Pradesh (79.33%)
▫️Meghalaya (76.00%)
▫️Manipur (74.34%)
▫️Nagaland(73.90%)

*▪️Total mangrove cover* - 4,992 sq km.

*What is the Zero Debris Charter*?

✅Twelve nations have signed the Zero Debris Charter at the ESA/EU Space Council recently, solidifying their commitment to the long-term sustainability of human activities in Earth orbit.

*Zero Debris Charter*:

✅It is an initiative of the European Space Agency (ESA) unveiled at the ESA Space Summit in Seville meeting in November 2023.

✅The Charter comes after ESA Member States encouraged the agency to implement “a Zero Debris approach for its missions and to encourage partners and other actors to pursue similar paths”.

✅It is the first initiative of its kind to bring together the largest array and variety of space actors around the world with the joint goal of creating no more debris by 2030 and making possible the long-term sustainability of space activities.

✅It aims to combine far-reaching guiding principles and highly ambitious yet realistic technical targets on which to build an ambitious Zero Debris roadmap, driving global space debris mitigation and remediation efforts.

✅The charter is a non-legally binding agreement, but it fosters a community of proactive actors working collectively towards jointly defined targets for 2030. 

✅The charter sets out a number of targets, including that a mission’s probability of generating space debris should remain below 1 in 1,000 per object.

✅It also sets a target of 99% success for post-mission disposal, including through external means when necessary. It encourages transparent information sharing and space traffic coordination.

✅To implement the Charter, the ESA will focus on developing ground-breaking technologies for satellite end-of-life disposal, in-orbit servicing and active debris removal.

✅In addition, ESA will work hand-in-hand with institutions in charge of regulatory aspects.

*🚀 NASA’s JWST Spots Earliest-Known Galaxy 🌌*
*Observing Cosmic Dawn 🌅*
➡️ JWST, peering across vast cosmic distances, observed a galaxy at only 2% of the universe's current age. 🛰️🔭
➡️ The galaxy existed roughly 290 million years after the Big Bang, during the universe's infancy. 🌌👶
➡️ This period is known as cosmic dawn. 🌠🕒

*Discovery and Study 🔭*
➡️ An international team of astronomers made the discovery using JWST as part of the JADES program. 🌐🔍
➡️ The galaxy, named JADES-GS-z14-0, measures about 1,700 light-years across. 📏💫
➡️ It has a mass equivalent to 500 million stars like our Sun and forms about 20 new stars each year. ✨💫

📚 *For Prelims:* Hubble Telescope, JWST

📝 *For Mains* : Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race?

*Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs)*

● In News:
- Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Releases Master Direction for Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs)

● About ARCs:
- ARCs are specialized financial institutions that purchase Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) from banks and financial institutions.

- NPAs are bad loans that are not generating income for the lenders.

- Role of ARCs:
1. Assist banks in cleaning up their balance sheets by acquiring their bad loans, allowing banks to focus on core banking activities.
2. Banks can sell their bad assets to ARCs at a mutually agreed value, relieving them from the burden of pursuing defaulters.

- ARCs are registered as companies under the Companies Act and with the RBI under section 3 of SARFAESI Act, 2002.

- Non-Banking Financial Companies under the RBI Act, 1934.

- 100% FDI is permitted.

- ARCs are prohibited from engaging in lending activities; they can only undertake securitization and reconstruction activities.

⚖️ *Genesis of the Power Struggle*
➡️ *Bela Banerjee Case* ⚖️: The Supreme Court held that compensation for property must be a “just equivalent”.
➡️ *Constitution (Fourth) Amendment, 1955* 📜: Amended Article 31(2) to limit judicial review of compensation adequacy.

🔍 *Judicial Tug-of-War*
➡️ *Court's Counteraction* ⚖️: Courts scrutinized the principles for determining compensation.
➡️ *Constitution (Twenty-Fifth) Amendment, 1971* 📜: Replaced “compensation” with “amount” to curb judicial review of compensation adequacy.
➡️ *Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978* 📜: Deleted the right to property from Part III, making it a constitutional right under Article 300-A.

🔰 *Recent Developments*
➡️ *Kolkata Municipal Corporation Case* 📜: Identified seven facets of Article 300-A:
Right to notice 📜
Right to be heard 🗣️
Right to a reasoned decision 📝
Duty to acquire only for public purpose 🏛️
Right of restitution or fair compensation 💰
Right to an efficient process ⏱️
Right of conclusion 🔚

*Relevance:* GS II: Polity
*Source:* TH

Economy Demo Classes by Naman Jain

Offline Mode Only

Register Now - https://forms.gle/3fSBHXz8g8VV8KZ3A

*🌏 What is CPEC? 🌏*

🚄 *Extensive Infrastructure Route:* CPEC is a 3,000-km long series of infrastructure projects connecting China's northwest Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region with Pakistan's Gwadar Port in Balochistan 🇨🇳🇵🇰.

🤝 *Bilateral Project:* This cooperative endeavor between Pakistan and China aims to enhance connectivity within Pakistan through a network of highways, railways, and pipelines 🛤️🚗, along with energy ⚡ and industrial 🏭 infrastructure development.

🌊 *Strategic Access:* The project provides China with a route to the Middle East and Africa via Gwadar Port 🚢, giving China access to the Indian Ocean 🌊. In exchange, China supports Pakistan's development projects to address its energy shortages and economic instability 💡💰.

📚 *For Prelims:* CPEC, OBOR

📝 *For Mains:* The CPEC is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘OBOR’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same.

*Relevance:* GS II

🔆Cabinet Committees

Eight Cabinet Committees

✅Appointments Committee of the Cabinet.
✅Cabinet Committee on Accommodation.
✅Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs.
✅Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs.
✅Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs.
✅Cabinet Committee on Security.
✅Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth.
✅Cabinet Committee on Employment & Skill Development.

✅ All committees except Cabinet Committee on Accommodation and Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs are headed by the Prime Minister.
✅they are not mentioned in the Constitution
✅Rules of Business provide for their establishment.

▪️Role of Cabinet Committees:

✅lessen the enormous workload of the Cabinet.
✅They facilitate an in-depth examination of policy issues and effective coordination.
✅They are based on the principles of division of labor and effective delegation.

📊 *Global Plastic Production*
🌍 353 million tonnes of plastic waste produced globally.

📈 More than double the amount produced in 2000.

🔮 Projected to triple by 2060.

📈 *Recycling Rates:*
♻️ Only 9% of plastic waste was recycled.

🗑️ 50% sent to landfills, 19% incinerated.

🚯 22% disposed of in uncontrolled sites or dumps.

*Role of Informal Recycling ♻️ Workers:*
💪 85% of recycled plastic is handled by informal workers.
Environmental Impact:

🌱 They help reduce plastic waste in landfills.

🌊 Prevent plastic leakage into the environment.

🌍 Mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.

📚 *For Prelims:* Biodegradable Plastic, Plastic Waste Management Rules, Central Pollution Control Board.

📝 *For Mains:* What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our a habitable environment?

*Relevance: GS III* - Environmental Pollution & Degradation

*Source:* #TH

🔆Greater One Horned Rhino:

✅One Horned Rhino also known as Indian Rhino is a rhinoceros species native to the Indian subcontinent.

✅The Habitat of this species is restricted to small habitats in Indo-Nepal terai and northern West Bengal and Assam.

✅IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
✅CITES: Appendix I
✅Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I

✅New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019: Under the declaration, India will collaborate with Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia, and Malaysia for conservation and protection of three Asian rhino species-

✅Greater one-horned rhinoceros,

✅Javan rhinoceros( listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List) and

✅Sumatran rhinoceros (listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List).

🔆Machine learning and Artificial intelligence technology hub

✅In a groundbreaking initiative, the Department of Science & Technology has joined forces with the Telangana government-led T-Hub to establish a unique Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Technology Hub (MATH).

✅This collaboration aims to foster AI innovation, create job opportunities, and provide a conducive ecosystem for AI startups in India.

📍State-of-the-Art Facilities

✅T-Hub has dedicated an entire floor to MATH, which will be equipped with cutting-edge facilities to support AI and ML development. These include:

✅A mini data center with GPU capabilities

✅A world-class learning management system (LMS) tailored for AI education

✅Robust data infrastructure to support diverse AI applications

✅These facilities will provide startups, researchers, and students with the necessary tools and resources to drive AI and ML innovation

📍Nurturing AI Startups and Creating Jobs

✅MATH is positioning itself as the go-to destination for AI-driven initiatives across the country.

✅The center of excellence (CoE) has set ambitious targets to nurture over 150 startups per annum and generate more than 500 AI-related jobs by 2025.

✅By providing access to state-of-the-art compute infrastructure, AI skilling programs, data lakes, virtual connectivity to global AI ecosystems, and opportunities for patent conversion, MATH aims to become the ultimate destination for all things AI and ML.

✅The launch of MATH comes at a crucial time, as India’s AI market is experiencing significant growth. Estimates suggest that the market is growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25-35% and is expected to reach $17 billion by 2027.