*🚀 NASA’s JWST Spots Earliest-Known Galaxy 🌌*
*Observing Cosmic Dawn 🌅*
➡️ JWST, peering across vast cosmic distances, observed a galaxy at only 2% of the universe's current age. 🛰️🔭
➡️ The galaxy existed roughly 290 million years after the Big Bang, during the universe's infancy. 🌌👶
➡️ This period is known as cosmic dawn. 🌠🕒
*Discovery and Study 🔭*
➡️ An international team of astronomers made the discovery using JWST as part of the JADES program. 🌐🔍
➡️ The galaxy, named JADES-GS-z14-0, measures about 1,700 light-years across. 📏💫
➡️ It has a mass equivalent to 500 million stars like our Sun and forms about 20 new stars each year. ✨💫
📚 *For Prelims:* Hubble Telescope, JWST
📝 *For Mains* : Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race?
*Observing Cosmic Dawn 🌅*
➡️ JWST, peering across vast cosmic distances, observed a galaxy at only 2% of the universe's current age. 🛰️🔭
➡️ The galaxy existed roughly 290 million years after the Big Bang, during the universe's infancy. 🌌👶
➡️ This period is known as cosmic dawn. 🌠🕒
*Discovery and Study 🔭*
➡️ An international team of astronomers made the discovery using JWST as part of the JADES program. 🌐🔍
➡️ The galaxy, named JADES-GS-z14-0, measures about 1,700 light-years across. 📏💫
➡️ It has a mass equivalent to 500 million stars like our Sun and forms about 20 new stars each year. ✨💫
📚 *For Prelims:* Hubble Telescope, JWST
📝 *For Mains* : Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race?
*Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs)*
● In News:
- Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Releases Master Direction for Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs)
● About ARCs:
- ARCs are specialized financial institutions that purchase Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) from banks and financial institutions.
- NPAs are bad loans that are not generating income for the lenders.
- Role of ARCs:
1. Assist banks in cleaning up their balance sheets by acquiring their bad loans, allowing banks to focus on core banking activities.
2. Banks can sell their bad assets to ARCs at a mutually agreed value, relieving them from the burden of pursuing defaulters.
- ARCs are registered as companies under the Companies Act and with the RBI under section 3 of SARFAESI Act, 2002.
- Non-Banking Financial Companies under the RBI Act, 1934.
- 100% FDI is permitted.
- ARCs are prohibited from engaging in lending activities; they can only undertake securitization and reconstruction activities.
● In News:
- Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Releases Master Direction for Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs)
● About ARCs:
- ARCs are specialized financial institutions that purchase Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) from banks and financial institutions.
- NPAs are bad loans that are not generating income for the lenders.
- Role of ARCs:
1. Assist banks in cleaning up their balance sheets by acquiring their bad loans, allowing banks to focus on core banking activities.
2. Banks can sell their bad assets to ARCs at a mutually agreed value, relieving them from the burden of pursuing defaulters.
- ARCs are registered as companies under the Companies Act and with the RBI under section 3 of SARFAESI Act, 2002.
- Non-Banking Financial Companies under the RBI Act, 1934.
- 100% FDI is permitted.
- ARCs are prohibited from engaging in lending activities; they can only undertake securitization and reconstruction activities.
⚖️ *Genesis of the Power Struggle*
➡️ *Bela Banerjee Case* ⚖️: The Supreme Court held that compensation for property must be a “just equivalent”.
➡️ *Constitution (Fourth) Amendment, 1955* 📜: Amended Article 31(2) to limit judicial review of compensation adequacy.
🔍 *Judicial Tug-of-War*
➡️ *Court's Counteraction* ⚖️: Courts scrutinized the principles for determining compensation.
➡️ *Constitution (Twenty-Fifth) Amendment, 1971* 📜: Replaced “compensation” with “amount” to curb judicial review of compensation adequacy.
➡️ *Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978* 📜: Deleted the right to property from Part III, making it a constitutional right under Article 300-A.
🔰 *Recent Developments*
➡️ *Kolkata Municipal Corporation Case* 📜: Identified seven facets of Article 300-A:
Right to notice 📜
Right to be heard 🗣️
Right to a reasoned decision 📝
Duty to acquire only for public purpose 🏛️
Right of restitution or fair compensation 💰
Right to an efficient process ⏱️
Right of conclusion 🔚
*Relevance:* GS II: Polity
*Source:* TH
➡️ *Bela Banerjee Case* ⚖️: The Supreme Court held that compensation for property must be a “just equivalent”.
➡️ *Constitution (Fourth) Amendment, 1955* 📜: Amended Article 31(2) to limit judicial review of compensation adequacy.
🔍 *Judicial Tug-of-War*
➡️ *Court's Counteraction* ⚖️: Courts scrutinized the principles for determining compensation.
➡️ *Constitution (Twenty-Fifth) Amendment, 1971* 📜: Replaced “compensation” with “amount” to curb judicial review of compensation adequacy.
➡️ *Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978* 📜: Deleted the right to property from Part III, making it a constitutional right under Article 300-A.
🔰 *Recent Developments*
➡️ *Kolkata Municipal Corporation Case* 📜: Identified seven facets of Article 300-A:
Right to notice 📜
Right to be heard 🗣️
Right to a reasoned decision 📝
Duty to acquire only for public purpose 🏛️
Right of restitution or fair compensation 💰
Right to an efficient process ⏱️
Right of conclusion 🔚
*Relevance:* GS II: Polity
*Source:* TH
Economy Demo Classes by Naman Jain
Offline Mode Only
Register Now - https://forms.gle/3fSBHXz8g8VV8KZ3A
Offline Mode Only
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*🌏 What is CPEC? 🌏*
🚄 *Extensive Infrastructure Route:* CPEC is a 3,000-km long series of infrastructure projects connecting China's northwest Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region with Pakistan's Gwadar Port in Balochistan 🇨🇳🇵🇰.
🤝 *Bilateral Project:* This cooperative endeavor between Pakistan and China aims to enhance connectivity within Pakistan through a network of highways, railways, and pipelines 🛤️🚗, along with energy ⚡ and industrial 🏭 infrastructure development.
🌊 *Strategic Access:* The project provides China with a route to the Middle East and Africa via Gwadar Port 🚢, giving China access to the Indian Ocean 🌊. In exchange, China supports Pakistan's development projects to address its energy shortages and economic instability 💡💰.
📚 *For Prelims:* CPEC, OBOR
📝 *For Mains:* The CPEC is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘OBOR’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same.
*Relevance:* GS II
🚄 *Extensive Infrastructure Route:* CPEC is a 3,000-km long series of infrastructure projects connecting China's northwest Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region with Pakistan's Gwadar Port in Balochistan 🇨🇳🇵🇰.
🤝 *Bilateral Project:* This cooperative endeavor between Pakistan and China aims to enhance connectivity within Pakistan through a network of highways, railways, and pipelines 🛤️🚗, along with energy ⚡ and industrial 🏭 infrastructure development.
🌊 *Strategic Access:* The project provides China with a route to the Middle East and Africa via Gwadar Port 🚢, giving China access to the Indian Ocean 🌊. In exchange, China supports Pakistan's development projects to address its energy shortages and economic instability 💡💰.
📚 *For Prelims:* CPEC, OBOR
📝 *For Mains:* The CPEC is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘OBOR’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same.
*Relevance:* GS II
🔆Cabinet Committees
Eight Cabinet Committees
✅Appointments Committee of the Cabinet.
✅Cabinet Committee on Accommodation.
✅Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs.
✅Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs.
✅Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs.
✅Cabinet Committee on Security.
✅Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth.
✅Cabinet Committee on Employment & Skill Development.
✅ All committees except Cabinet Committee on Accommodation and Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs are headed by the Prime Minister.
✅they are not mentioned in the Constitution
✅Rules of Business provide for their establishment.
▪️Role of Cabinet Committees:
✅lessen the enormous workload of the Cabinet.
✅They facilitate an in-depth examination of policy issues and effective coordination.
✅They are based on the principles of division of labor and effective delegation.
Eight Cabinet Committees
✅Appointments Committee of the Cabinet.
✅Cabinet Committee on Accommodation.
✅Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs.
✅Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs.
✅Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs.
✅Cabinet Committee on Security.
✅Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth.
✅Cabinet Committee on Employment & Skill Development.
✅ All committees except Cabinet Committee on Accommodation and Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs are headed by the Prime Minister.
✅they are not mentioned in the Constitution
✅Rules of Business provide for their establishment.
▪️Role of Cabinet Committees:
✅lessen the enormous workload of the Cabinet.
✅They facilitate an in-depth examination of policy issues and effective coordination.
✅They are based on the principles of division of labor and effective delegation.
📊 *Global Plastic Production*
🌍 353 million tonnes of plastic waste produced globally.
📈 More than double the amount produced in 2000.
🔮 Projected to triple by 2060.
📈 *Recycling Rates:*
♻️ Only 9% of plastic waste was recycled.
🗑️ 50% sent to landfills, 19% incinerated.
🚯 22% disposed of in uncontrolled sites or dumps.
*Role of Informal Recycling ♻️ Workers:*
💪 85% of recycled plastic is handled by informal workers.
Environmental Impact:
🌱 They help reduce plastic waste in landfills.
🌊 Prevent plastic leakage into the environment.
🌍 Mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
📚 *For Prelims:* Biodegradable Plastic, Plastic Waste Management Rules, Central Pollution Control Board.
📝 *For Mains:* What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our a habitable environment?
*Relevance: GS III* - Environmental Pollution & Degradation
*Source:* #TH
🌍 353 million tonnes of plastic waste produced globally.
📈 More than double the amount produced in 2000.
🔮 Projected to triple by 2060.
📈 *Recycling Rates:*
♻️ Only 9% of plastic waste was recycled.
🗑️ 50% sent to landfills, 19% incinerated.
🚯 22% disposed of in uncontrolled sites or dumps.
*Role of Informal Recycling ♻️ Workers:*
💪 85% of recycled plastic is handled by informal workers.
Environmental Impact:
🌱 They help reduce plastic waste in landfills.
🌊 Prevent plastic leakage into the environment.
🌍 Mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
📚 *For Prelims:* Biodegradable Plastic, Plastic Waste Management Rules, Central Pollution Control Board.
📝 *For Mains:* What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our a habitable environment?
*Relevance: GS III* - Environmental Pollution & Degradation
*Source:* #TH
🔆Greater One Horned Rhino:
✅One Horned Rhino also known as Indian Rhino is a rhinoceros species native to the Indian subcontinent.
✅The Habitat of this species is restricted to small habitats in Indo-Nepal terai and northern West Bengal and Assam.
✅IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
✅CITES: Appendix I
✅Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
✅New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019: Under the declaration, India will collaborate with Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia, and Malaysia for conservation and protection of three Asian rhino species-
✅Greater one-horned rhinoceros,
✅Javan rhinoceros( listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List) and
✅Sumatran rhinoceros (listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List).
✅One Horned Rhino also known as Indian Rhino is a rhinoceros species native to the Indian subcontinent.
✅The Habitat of this species is restricted to small habitats in Indo-Nepal terai and northern West Bengal and Assam.
✅IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
✅CITES: Appendix I
✅Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
✅New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019: Under the declaration, India will collaborate with Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia, and Malaysia for conservation and protection of three Asian rhino species-
✅Greater one-horned rhinoceros,
✅Javan rhinoceros( listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List) and
✅Sumatran rhinoceros (listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List).
🔆Machine learning and Artificial intelligence technology hub
✅In a groundbreaking initiative, the Department of Science & Technology has joined forces with the Telangana government-led T-Hub to establish a unique Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Technology Hub (MATH).
✅This collaboration aims to foster AI innovation, create job opportunities, and provide a conducive ecosystem for AI startups in India.
📍State-of-the-Art Facilities
✅T-Hub has dedicated an entire floor to MATH, which will be equipped with cutting-edge facilities to support AI and ML development. These include:
✅A mini data center with GPU capabilities
✅A world-class learning management system (LMS) tailored for AI education
✅Robust data infrastructure to support diverse AI applications
✅These facilities will provide startups, researchers, and students with the necessary tools and resources to drive AI and ML innovation
📍Nurturing AI Startups and Creating Jobs
✅MATH is positioning itself as the go-to destination for AI-driven initiatives across the country.
✅The center of excellence (CoE) has set ambitious targets to nurture over 150 startups per annum and generate more than 500 AI-related jobs by 2025.
✅By providing access to state-of-the-art compute infrastructure, AI skilling programs, data lakes, virtual connectivity to global AI ecosystems, and opportunities for patent conversion, MATH aims to become the ultimate destination for all things AI and ML.
✅The launch of MATH comes at a crucial time, as India’s AI market is experiencing significant growth. Estimates suggest that the market is growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25-35% and is expected to reach $17 billion by 2027.
✅In a groundbreaking initiative, the Department of Science & Technology has joined forces with the Telangana government-led T-Hub to establish a unique Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Technology Hub (MATH).
✅This collaboration aims to foster AI innovation, create job opportunities, and provide a conducive ecosystem for AI startups in India.
📍State-of-the-Art Facilities
✅T-Hub has dedicated an entire floor to MATH, which will be equipped with cutting-edge facilities to support AI and ML development. These include:
✅A mini data center with GPU capabilities
✅A world-class learning management system (LMS) tailored for AI education
✅Robust data infrastructure to support diverse AI applications
✅These facilities will provide startups, researchers, and students with the necessary tools and resources to drive AI and ML innovation
📍Nurturing AI Startups and Creating Jobs
✅MATH is positioning itself as the go-to destination for AI-driven initiatives across the country.
✅The center of excellence (CoE) has set ambitious targets to nurture over 150 startups per annum and generate more than 500 AI-related jobs by 2025.
✅By providing access to state-of-the-art compute infrastructure, AI skilling programs, data lakes, virtual connectivity to global AI ecosystems, and opportunities for patent conversion, MATH aims to become the ultimate destination for all things AI and ML.
✅The launch of MATH comes at a crucial time, as India’s AI market is experiencing significant growth. Estimates suggest that the market is growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25-35% and is expected to reach $17 billion by 2027.
#Places_in_news
▪️Indus Waters Treaty
▪️The Indus system comprises of main Indus River, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.
▪️The basin is mainly shared by India and Pakistan with a small share for China and Afghanistan.
▪️Under the treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, all the waters of three rivers, namely Ravi,Sutlej and Beas ( Eastern Rivers) were allocated to India for exclusive use.
▪️While, the waters of Western rivers - Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab were allocated to Pakistan except for specified domestic , non-consumptive and agricultural use permitted to India as provided in the Treaty.
▪️India has also been given the right to generate hydroelectricity through run of the river(RoR) projects on the Western Rivers which, subject to specific criteria for design and operation is unrestricted.
▪️Indus Waters Treaty
▪️The Indus system comprises of main Indus River, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.
▪️The basin is mainly shared by India and Pakistan with a small share for China and Afghanistan.
▪️Under the treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, all the waters of three rivers, namely Ravi,Sutlej and Beas ( Eastern Rivers) were allocated to India for exclusive use.
▪️While, the waters of Western rivers - Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab were allocated to Pakistan except for specified domestic , non-consumptive and agricultural use permitted to India as provided in the Treaty.
▪️India has also been given the right to generate hydroelectricity through run of the river(RoR) projects on the Western Rivers which, subject to specific criteria for design and operation is unrestricted.
Industrialization means Modern World | Upsc Prime with Avadh Ojha #avadhojha #upscprimewithavadhojha
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United States of America Son of Industrialization | Upsc Prime with Avadh Ojha #avadhojha
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Forwarded from Avadh Ojha Classes Official
Supercapacitors to be Powered Carbon Derived from Coconut Husks
https://avadhojhaclasses.com/current-affairs/July-2024/daily-current-affairs-july-2,-2024
https://avadhojhaclasses.com/current-affairs/July-2024/daily-current-affairs-july-2,-2024
Avadhojhaclasses
Supercapacitors to be Powered Carbon Derived from Coconut Husks
Recently, Researchers at the Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram have devised a method to produce activated carbon.
Forwarded from Avadh Ojha Classes Official
State of LGBTQIA+ Communities’ Rights in India and the World
https://avadhojhaclasses.com/current-affairs/July-2024/daily-current-affairs-july-3,-2024
https://avadhojhaclasses.com/current-affairs/July-2024/daily-current-affairs-july-3,-2024
Avadhojhaclasses
State of LGBTQIA+ Communities’ Rights in India and the World
Every year, June is observed as Pride Month all over the world discussing the rights of the LGBTQIA+ Community.
Join us for an exclusive UPSC aspirants seminar hosted by the renowned educator Avadh Ojha . This seminar is designed to provide valuable insights and guidance to aspirants preparing for the UPSC Civil Services Examination.
Key Highlights:
1. Expert Guidance
2. Exam Insights
3. Preparation Techniques
4. Motivational Session
5. Q&A Session
Date - 04 August 2024
Timing - 10:00 AM
Register Now - https://forms.gle/GyxoHfNq85gDfrec6
Key Highlights:
1. Expert Guidance
2. Exam Insights
3. Preparation Techniques
4. Motivational Session
5. Q&A Session
Date - 04 August 2024
Timing - 10:00 AM
Register Now - https://forms.gle/GyxoHfNq85gDfrec6
Join us for an exclusive UPSC aspirants seminar hosted by the renowned educator Avadh Ojha . This seminar is designed to provide valuable insights and guidance to aspirants preparing for the UPSC Civil Services Examination.
Key Highlights:
1. Expert Guidance
2. Exam Insights
3. Preparation Techniques
4. Motivational Session
5. Q&A Session
Date - 27 July 2024
Timing - 05:00 PM
Register Now - https://forms.gle/vX725kgAyebdBhP89
Key Highlights:
1. Expert Guidance
2. Exam Insights
3. Preparation Techniques
4. Motivational Session
5. Q&A Session
Date - 27 July 2024
Timing - 05:00 PM
Register Now - https://forms.gle/vX725kgAyebdBhP89