β WORKING OF CVC
β The CVC conducts its proceedings at its headquarters New Delhi. It is vested with the power to regulate its own procedure. It has all the powers of a civil court and its proceedings have a judicial character. It may call for information or report from the Central government or its authorities so as to enable it to exercise general supervision over the vigilance and anti-corruption work in them.
β The CVC, on receipt of the report of the inquiry undertaken by any agency on a reference made by it, advises the Central government or its authorities as to the further course of action. The Central government or its authorities shall consider the advice of the CVC and take appropriate action. However, where the Central government or any of its authorities does not agree with the advice of the CVC, it shall communicate the reasons to the CVC.
β The CVC has to present annually to the President a report on its performance. The President places this report before each House of Parliament.
β The CVC conducts its proceedings at its headquarters New Delhi. It is vested with the power to regulate its own procedure. It has all the powers of a civil court and its proceedings have a judicial character. It may call for information or report from the Central government or its authorities so as to enable it to exercise general supervision over the vigilance and anti-corruption work in them.
β The CVC, on receipt of the report of the inquiry undertaken by any agency on a reference made by it, advises the Central government or its authorities as to the further course of action. The Central government or its authorities shall consider the advice of the CVC and take appropriate action. However, where the Central government or any of its authorities does not agree with the advice of the CVC, it shall communicate the reasons to the CVC.
β The CVC has to present annually to the President a report on its performance. The President places this report before each House of Parliament.
π INDIAN COUNCIL ACT OF 1861.
πΈοΈ It made a beginning of Representative institutions by assosiating Indian with law - making Process.
πΈοΈ Viceroy Canning nominated three Indians to the legislative council - The Raja of Benaras, Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar rao.
πΈοΈ It initiated the process of Decentralisation by restoring the legislative Powers to the Bombay and Madras presidency.
πΈοΈ It also provided for the establishment of new legislative councils for Bengal, NWFP and Punjab.
πΈοΈ It also gave a recognition to the Portfolio system, introduced by Canning.
πΈοΈ It made a beginning of Representative institutions by assosiating Indian with law - making Process.
πΈοΈ Viceroy Canning nominated three Indians to the legislative council - The Raja of Benaras, Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar rao.
πΈοΈ It initiated the process of Decentralisation by restoring the legislative Powers to the Bombay and Madras presidency.
πΈοΈ It also provided for the establishment of new legislative councils for Bengal, NWFP and Punjab.
πΈοΈ It also gave a recognition to the Portfolio system, introduced by Canning.
Forwarded from Current Affairs Topics for upsc
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π INTEGRATED AND INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY.
πΈ Constitution establishes a judicial system that is integrated as well as independent.
πΈ Supreme court stands at the top of integrated Judicial system in the country.
πΈ Below it there are High courts at state level.
πΈ Under a High court there is a hierarchy of Subordinate courts and other lower house courts.
πΈ Supreme court is a federal court, the highest court of appeal, the guarantor of the Fundamental rights of the Citizens and guardian of Constitution.
πΈ Constitution establishes a judicial system that is integrated as well as independent.
πΈ Supreme court stands at the top of integrated Judicial system in the country.
πΈ Below it there are High courts at state level.
πΈ Under a High court there is a hierarchy of Subordinate courts and other lower house courts.
πΈ Supreme court is a federal court, the highest court of appeal, the guarantor of the Fundamental rights of the Citizens and guardian of Constitution.
The Civil Disobedience Movement:
πIn 1929, during the Lahore Congress, it was decided to start the Civil Disobedience Movement. People were asked not to pay taxes to the British government.
πMahatma Gandhi gave 11 demands to the British Viceroy, Lord Irwin. He told him to agree to these demands by January 31, 1932.
πIn Tamil Nadu, C. Rajagopalachari led a march similar to the Dandi March from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam.
πIn Gujarat's Dharasana, Sarojini Naidu led non-violent protesters in a march to the government's salt depots.
πKhan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also called Badshah Khan or 'Frontier Gandhi,' led the Khudai Khidmatgars movement.
πThey peacefully opposed the British in the Northwest Frontier Province of India.
πIn 1929, during the Lahore Congress, it was decided to start the Civil Disobedience Movement. People were asked not to pay taxes to the British government.
πMahatma Gandhi gave 11 demands to the British Viceroy, Lord Irwin. He told him to agree to these demands by January 31, 1932.
πIn Tamil Nadu, C. Rajagopalachari led a march similar to the Dandi March from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam.
πIn Gujarat's Dharasana, Sarojini Naidu led non-violent protesters in a march to the government's salt depots.
πKhan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also called Badshah Khan or 'Frontier Gandhi,' led the Khudai Khidmatgars movement.
πThey peacefully opposed the British in the Northwest Frontier Province of India.
π FEDERAL SYSTEM WITH UNITARY BIAS.
πΈ Constitution established Federal system of Government.
πΈ It contains all usual features of a Federation like - Two government, Division of Powers, written constitution, Supremacy of constitution, rigidity of constition etc
πΈ Indian Constitution also contains a large number of unitary or non-federal features like Strong centre, Single constitution, etc.
πΈ However, Federation nowhere used in Constitution.
πΈ Article 1 describes India as a Union of states.
πΈ Constitution established Federal system of Government.
πΈ It contains all usual features of a Federation like - Two government, Division of Powers, written constitution, Supremacy of constitution, rigidity of constition etc
πΈ Indian Constitution also contains a large number of unitary or non-federal features like Strong centre, Single constitution, etc.
πΈ However, Federation nowhere used in Constitution.
πΈ Article 1 describes India as a Union of states.
Major cities of Indus Civilization
β Mohenjodaro - Indus River
β Harappa - Ravi River
β Ropar - Sutlej River
β Manda - Chenab River
β Kalibanga - Ghaggar River
β Lothal - Bhogwa River
β Sutkangador - Dashk River
β Balakot - Vindar River
β Sotkakoh - Shadikour
β Alamgirpur - Hindon River
β Rangpur - Madar River
β Kotdiji - Indus River
β Banwali - Ancient Saraswati River
β Chanhudaro - Indus River
β Mohenjodaro - Indus River
β Harappa - Ravi River
β Ropar - Sutlej River
β Manda - Chenab River
β Kalibanga - Ghaggar River
β Lothal - Bhogwa River
β Sutkangador - Dashk River
β Balakot - Vindar River
β Sotkakoh - Shadikour
β Alamgirpur - Hindon River
β Rangpur - Madar River
β Kotdiji - Indus River
β Banwali - Ancient Saraswati River
β Chanhudaro - Indus River
β UNIVERSAL ADULT
β The Indian Constitution adopts universal adult franchise as a basis of elections to the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies.
β Every citizen who is not less than 18 years of age has a right to vote without any discrimination of caste, race, religion, sex, literacy, wealth and so on.
β The voting age was reduced to 18 years from 21 years in 1989 by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act of 1988.
β The Indian Constitution adopts universal adult franchise as a basis of elections to the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies.
β Every citizen who is not less than 18 years of age has a right to vote without any discrimination of caste, race, religion, sex, literacy, wealth and so on.
β The voting age was reduced to 18 years from 21 years in 1989 by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act of 1988.
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β EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
β The Indian Constitution contains elaborate emergency provisions to enable the President to meet any extraordinary situation effectively.
β The rationality behind the
incorporation of these provisions is to safeguard the sovereignty, unity, integrity and security of the country, the democratic political system and the Constitution.
β‘ The Constitution envisages three types of emergencies, namely :-
β’ National emergency on the ground of war or external aggression or armed rebellion (Article 352);
β’ State emergency (Presidentβs Rule) on the ground of failure of Constitutional machinery in the states (Article 356) or
failure to comply with the directions of the Centre (Article 365); and
β’ Financial emergency on the ground of threat to the financial stability or credit of India (Article 360).
β The Indian Constitution contains elaborate emergency provisions to enable the President to meet any extraordinary situation effectively.
β The rationality behind the
incorporation of these provisions is to safeguard the sovereignty, unity, integrity and security of the country, the democratic political system and the Constitution.
β‘ The Constitution envisages three types of emergencies, namely :-
β’ National emergency on the ground of war or external aggression or armed rebellion (Article 352);
β’ State emergency (Presidentβs Rule) on the ground of failure of Constitutional machinery in the states (Article 356) or
failure to comply with the directions of the Centre (Article 365); and
β’ Financial emergency on the ground of threat to the financial stability or credit of India (Article 360).