... and other free citizens would be counted as one each. Every five slaves would be counted only as three persons. This was called the 'three-fifths' rule. The delegates accepted it.
The word 'slave' was never used in the Constitution. It simply used the words 'all other persons.' The 'three-fifths rule' remained law until the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution was passed in eighteen sixty-eight.
Alexander Hamilton said the three-fifths compromise was necessary. "Without it," he said, "no union could possibly have been formed."
VOICE TWO:
Map of West Africa during the 18th century slave trade
Slavery also became an issue when the convention began discussing the powers of the national legislature. Once again, the question was asked: Are slaves people? Or are they property? The answer would affect import taxes and the growth of new states.
The convention accepted several compromises on these questions, too. It agreed that the national treasury could collect a tax of ten dollars for every imported slave. It also agreed that slaves could be imported until the year eighteen-oh-eight. Then no new slaves could be brought into the country.
Until then, each state had the power to make its own decisions about slavery. After eighteen-oh-eight, the national government would make all decisions.
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
As debate on a new Constitution continued through the summer of seventeen eighty-seven, several delegates asked an important question. Who would approve, or ratify, it?
The state legislatures? The people? Or, as Gouverneur Morris proposed, one big national convention? As always, Elbridge Gerry opposed giving this power to the people. "The people," he said, "have the wildest ideas of government in the world."
VOICE TWO:
James Madison disagreed. He believed the people must ratify their new plan of government. Madison said, "I consider the difference between a system founded on the legislatures only, and one founded on the people, to be the true difference between a treaty and a constitution."
Edmund Randolph of Virginia proposed that state conventions should consider the document prepared by the Philadelphia convention. They could offer amendments, he said. And then another general convention would decide on a final document.
VOICE ONE:
Gouverneur Morris agreed, but for another reason. He said, "I have long wished for another convention that would have the firmness to provide a strong central government…which we are afraid to do."
James Madison hated the idea. Calling another general convention would mean the Philadelphia convention had failed. It would mean the end of all his hard work and hopes. When the debate was over, the delegates agreed that the people should ratify the new Constitution through conventions held in each state.
(MUSIC)
VOICE TWO:
Finally, the delegates had to decide how many 'yes' votes by states would be needed to ratify the Constitution.
Any changes to the Articles of Confederation needed ratification by all thirteen states. The Philadelphia convention was called only to change those Articles. So all thirteen would have to approve. This, as several delegates noted, would be impossible. After all, Rhode Island never sent a representative to Philadelphia. It was sure to reject the Constitution.
Also, as everyone knew, the Philadelphia convention went far past the point of changing the Articles of Confederation. The delegates wrote a completely new plan of government. They could agree to accept ratification by fewer than thirteen states.
VOICE ONE:
Delegates who supported a strong central government acted quickly. They raised the question of numbers. How many states were needed to ratify? By the end of the day, the convention had not decided. But many of the delegates must have met that night. Early the next day, the convention voted. And the number it agreed on was nine.
The great convention in Philadelphia was nearing the end of its work. It needed only to write out its agreements in final form and sign the document. That will be our story next week
@Coding_504 🌐🌏📡
The word 'slave' was never used in the Constitution. It simply used the words 'all other persons.' The 'three-fifths rule' remained law until the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution was passed in eighteen sixty-eight.
Alexander Hamilton said the three-fifths compromise was necessary. "Without it," he said, "no union could possibly have been formed."
VOICE TWO:
Map of West Africa during the 18th century slave trade
Slavery also became an issue when the convention began discussing the powers of the national legislature. Once again, the question was asked: Are slaves people? Or are they property? The answer would affect import taxes and the growth of new states.
The convention accepted several compromises on these questions, too. It agreed that the national treasury could collect a tax of ten dollars for every imported slave. It also agreed that slaves could be imported until the year eighteen-oh-eight. Then no new slaves could be brought into the country.
Until then, each state had the power to make its own decisions about slavery. After eighteen-oh-eight, the national government would make all decisions.
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
As debate on a new Constitution continued through the summer of seventeen eighty-seven, several delegates asked an important question. Who would approve, or ratify, it?
The state legislatures? The people? Or, as Gouverneur Morris proposed, one big national convention? As always, Elbridge Gerry opposed giving this power to the people. "The people," he said, "have the wildest ideas of government in the world."
VOICE TWO:
James Madison disagreed. He believed the people must ratify their new plan of government. Madison said, "I consider the difference between a system founded on the legislatures only, and one founded on the people, to be the true difference between a treaty and a constitution."
Edmund Randolph of Virginia proposed that state conventions should consider the document prepared by the Philadelphia convention. They could offer amendments, he said. And then another general convention would decide on a final document.
VOICE ONE:
Gouverneur Morris agreed, but for another reason. He said, "I have long wished for another convention that would have the firmness to provide a strong central government…which we are afraid to do."
James Madison hated the idea. Calling another general convention would mean the Philadelphia convention had failed. It would mean the end of all his hard work and hopes. When the debate was over, the delegates agreed that the people should ratify the new Constitution through conventions held in each state.
(MUSIC)
VOICE TWO:
Finally, the delegates had to decide how many 'yes' votes by states would be needed to ratify the Constitution.
Any changes to the Articles of Confederation needed ratification by all thirteen states. The Philadelphia convention was called only to change those Articles. So all thirteen would have to approve. This, as several delegates noted, would be impossible. After all, Rhode Island never sent a representative to Philadelphia. It was sure to reject the Constitution.
Also, as everyone knew, the Philadelphia convention went far past the point of changing the Articles of Confederation. The delegates wrote a completely new plan of government. They could agree to accept ratification by fewer than thirteen states.
VOICE ONE:
Delegates who supported a strong central government acted quickly. They raised the question of numbers. How many states were needed to ratify? By the end of the day, the convention had not decided. But many of the delegates must have met that night. Early the next day, the convention voted. And the number it agreed on was nine.
The great convention in Philadelphia was nearing the end of its work. It needed only to write out its agreements in final form and sign the document. That will be our story next week
@Coding_504 🌐🌏📡
02 VOA-English News
@Coding_504
قابل توجه دوستانی که اخبار و گزارشات درخواست کرده بودند.
در کدینگ 504، انگلیسی استاندارد و زبان رسمی و اکادمیک رو یاد میگیرید.
با ما همراه باشید
@Coding_504 🌍💎📡
در کدینگ 504، انگلیسی استاندارد و زبان رسمی و اکادمیک رو یاد میگیرید.
با ما همراه باشید
@Coding_504 🌍💎📡
وقتى صحبت ميكنيد فقط در حال تكرار چیزی هستین كه از قبل ميدانيد، اما وقتی گوش میکنید ،ممکن است مطلب جديدى ياد بگيريد .
@coding_504
@Coding_toefl
@coding_504
@Coding_toefl
27. #scarce : ˈskers
hard to get, rare
نادر، کمیاب
a. Chairs which are older than one hundred years are scarce.
صندلی هایی با قدمت بیش از یک صد سال نایاب هستند
b. Because there is little moisture in the desert, trees are scarce.
بدلیل رطوبت اندک در صحرا درختان کمی وجود دارد
c. How scarce are good cooks?
آشپزهای خوب چقدر کم هستند؟
🍂 @coding_504 🍂
hard to get, rare
نادر، کمیاب
a. Chairs which are older than one hundred years are scarce.
صندلی هایی با قدمت بیش از یک صد سال نایاب هستند
b. Because there is little moisture in the desert, trees are scarce.
بدلیل رطوبت اندک در صحرا درختان کمی وجود دارد
c. How scarce are good cooks?
آشپزهای خوب چقدر کم هستند؟
🍂 @coding_504 🍂
#Scarce
نایاب ، کمیاب ،نادر .
کدینگ: آب تمیز تو خیلی از کشورها اسکرسه، بشمار سه شیرو ببند ، آخه آب اسکرسه!
🎓 @coding_504 🎓
نایاب ، کمیاب ،نادر .
کدینگ: آب تمیز تو خیلی از کشورها اسکرسه، بشمار سه شیرو ببند ، آخه آب اسکرسه!
🎓 @coding_504 🎓
#Scarce
نایاب ، کمیاب ،نادر .
کدینگ: اسکار جان ،جایزه ی اسکار اسکرسه، به هر کسی داده نمیشه.
🎓 @coding_504 🎓
نایاب ، کمیاب ،نادر .
کدینگ: اسکار جان ،جایزه ی اسکار اسکرسه، به هر کسی داده نمیشه.
🎓 @coding_504 🎓
#Scarce
نایاب ، کمیاب ،نادر .
Water is scarce
آب کمیاب است.😢
هر کدام از ما حتی اگر سالانه یه قطره حفظ کنیم، کمک کردیم.💧
🍂 @coding_504 🍂
نایاب ، کمیاب ،نادر .
Water is scarce
آب کمیاب است.😢
هر کدام از ما حتی اگر سالانه یه قطره حفظ کنیم، کمک کردیم.💧
🍂 @coding_504 🍂
28. #annual : ˈænjuːəl
once a year, something that appears yearly or lasts for a year
سالی یکبار، چیزی که هر ساله پدیدار میشود یا به مدت یک سال طول میکشد، سالانه
a. The annual convention of musicians takes place in Hollywood.
مجمع سالانه موسیقی دانان در هالیوود تشکیل می شود
b. The publishers of the encyclopedia put out a book each year called an annual.
ناشران دایره المعارف هر ساله کتابی را عرضه میکنند که "سالانه" نامیده میشود
c. Plants that live only one year are called annuals.
گیاهانی که تنها یک سال عمر میکنند یکساله نامیده میشوند
🍂 @coding_504 🍂
once a year, something that appears yearly or lasts for a year
سالی یکبار، چیزی که هر ساله پدیدار میشود یا به مدت یک سال طول میکشد، سالانه
a. The annual convention of musicians takes place in Hollywood.
مجمع سالانه موسیقی دانان در هالیوود تشکیل می شود
b. The publishers of the encyclopedia put out a book each year called an annual.
ناشران دایره المعارف هر ساله کتابی را عرضه میکنند که "سالانه" نامیده میشود
c. Plants that live only one year are called annuals.
گیاهانی که تنها یک سال عمر میکنند یکساله نامیده میشوند
🍂 @coding_504 🍂