Forwarded from ExamGround
✅ List Of Bird Sanctuaries In India
▪️Andhra Pradesh -
Atapaka Bird Sanctuary
Kaundinya Bird Sanctuary
Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary
Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary
Sri Peninsula Narasimha Wildlife Sanctuary
Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary
▪️Assam -
Bordoibam Beelmukh Birds’ Sanctuary
Deepor beel bird sanctuary
Panidihing bird sanctuary
▪️Bihar -
Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary
Nakti Dam Bird Sanctuary
Bhimband Wildlife Sanctuary
▪️Delhi - Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary
▪️Goa - Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
▪️Gujarat -
Gaga Wildlife Sanctuary
Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary
Kutch Bustard Sanctuary
Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary
Porbandar Bird Sanctuary
Thol Lake
▪️Haryana -
Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary
Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary
▪️Himachal Pradesh - Gamgul
▪️Karnataka -
Attiveri Bird Sanctuary
Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary
Bonal Bird Sanctuary
Gudavi Bird Sanctuary
Kaggaladu Bird Sanctuary
Magadi Bird Sanctuary
Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary
Puttenahalli Lake (Yelahanka)
Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary
▪️Kerala -
Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary
Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary
Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary
Pathiramanal Kerala
Pakshipathalam Bird Sanctuary
Thattekad Bird Sanctuary
▪️Maharashtra -
Mayani Bird Sanctuary
Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary
▪️Mizoram - Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary
▪️Odisha - Chilika Lake
▪️Punjab - Harike bird sanctuary
▪️Rajasthan -
Keoladeo National Park
Khichan Bird Sanctuary
Tal Chhapar Sanctuary
▪️Tamil Nadu -
Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary
Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary
Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary
Suchindram Theroor Birds Sanctuary
Udayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary
Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary
Vellode Birds Sanctuary
Vettangudi Bird Sanctuary
▪️Uttar Pradesh -
Bakhira Sanctuary
Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary
Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary
Okhla Sanctuary
Saman Sanctuary
Samaspur Sanctuary
Sandi Bird Sanctuary
Thasrana Bird Sanctuary
▪️West Bengal -
Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary
Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary
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VERY IMPORTANT FOR UPCOMING AFCAT😱
▪️Andhra Pradesh -
Atapaka Bird Sanctuary
Kaundinya Bird Sanctuary
Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary
Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary
Sri Peninsula Narasimha Wildlife Sanctuary
Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary
▪️Assam -
Bordoibam Beelmukh Birds’ Sanctuary
Deepor beel bird sanctuary
Panidihing bird sanctuary
▪️Bihar -
Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary
Nakti Dam Bird Sanctuary
Bhimband Wildlife Sanctuary
▪️Delhi - Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary
▪️Goa - Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
▪️Gujarat -
Gaga Wildlife Sanctuary
Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary
Kutch Bustard Sanctuary
Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary
Porbandar Bird Sanctuary
Thol Lake
▪️Haryana -
Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary
Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary
▪️Himachal Pradesh - Gamgul
▪️Karnataka -
Attiveri Bird Sanctuary
Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary
Bonal Bird Sanctuary
Gudavi Bird Sanctuary
Kaggaladu Bird Sanctuary
Magadi Bird Sanctuary
Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary
Puttenahalli Lake (Yelahanka)
Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary
▪️Kerala -
Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary
Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary
Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary
Pathiramanal Kerala
Pakshipathalam Bird Sanctuary
Thattekad Bird Sanctuary
▪️Maharashtra -
Mayani Bird Sanctuary
Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary
▪️Mizoram - Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary
▪️Odisha - Chilika Lake
▪️Punjab - Harike bird sanctuary
▪️Rajasthan -
Keoladeo National Park
Khichan Bird Sanctuary
Tal Chhapar Sanctuary
▪️Tamil Nadu -
Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary
Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary
Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary
Suchindram Theroor Birds Sanctuary
Udayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary
Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary
Vellode Birds Sanctuary
Vettangudi Bird Sanctuary
▪️Uttar Pradesh -
Bakhira Sanctuary
Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary
Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary
Okhla Sanctuary
Saman Sanctuary
Samaspur Sanctuary
Sandi Bird Sanctuary
Thasrana Bird Sanctuary
▪️West Bengal -
Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary
Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary
@examground
@examground
VERY IMPORTANT FOR UPCOMING AFCAT😱
Forwarded from ExamGround
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
* SEBI is a statutory body established on April 12, 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.
* The basic functions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India is to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote and regulate the securities market.
* SEBI Board consists of a Chairman and several other whole time and part time members.
*SEBI also appoints various committees, whenever required to look into the pressing issues of that time.
* Further, a Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) has been constituted to protect the interest of entities that feel aggrieved by SEBI’s decision.
* SAT consists of a Presiding Officer and two other Members.
* It has the same powers as vested in a civil court. Further, if any person feels aggrieved by SAT’s decision or order can appeal to the Supreme Court.
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VERY IMPORTANT FOR UPCOMING CDSE😱
* SEBI is a statutory body established on April 12, 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.
* The basic functions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India is to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote and regulate the securities market.
* SEBI Board consists of a Chairman and several other whole time and part time members.
*SEBI also appoints various committees, whenever required to look into the pressing issues of that time.
* Further, a Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) has been constituted to protect the interest of entities that feel aggrieved by SEBI’s decision.
* SAT consists of a Presiding Officer and two other Members.
* It has the same powers as vested in a civil court. Further, if any person feels aggrieved by SAT’s decision or order can appeal to the Supreme Court.
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VERY IMPORTANT FOR UPCOMING CDSE😱
Forwarded from ExamGround
Red Sea
# Location:
The Red Sea is a semi-enclosed tropical basin, bounded by northeastern Africa, to the west, and the Arabian peninsula, to the east.
The elongated and narrow-shaped basin extends between the Mediterranean Sea, to the north-west, and the Indian Ocean, to the south-east.
At the northern end, it separates into the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez, which is connected to the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal.
At the southern end, it is connected to the Gulf of Aden, and the outer Indian Ocean, via the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb.
It is surrounded by desert or semi-desert areas, with no major freshwater inflow.
# The six countries bordering the Red Sea are
Yemen
Saudi Arabia
Egypt
Sudan
Eritrea
Djibouti
# Location:
The Red Sea is a semi-enclosed tropical basin, bounded by northeastern Africa, to the west, and the Arabian peninsula, to the east.
The elongated and narrow-shaped basin extends between the Mediterranean Sea, to the north-west, and the Indian Ocean, to the south-east.
At the northern end, it separates into the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez, which is connected to the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal.
At the southern end, it is connected to the Gulf of Aden, and the outer Indian Ocean, via the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb.
It is surrounded by desert or semi-desert areas, with no major freshwater inflow.
# The six countries bordering the Red Sea are
Yemen
Saudi Arabia
Egypt
Sudan
Eritrea
Djibouti
Forwarded from ExamGround
Daily current affairs for defence examinations👇
https://www.examground.in/general-knowledge/current-affairs/important-current-affairs-19th-january-2022#English
19th Jan 2022
IMPORTANT current affairs
https://www.examground.in/general-knowledge/current-affairs/important-current-affairs-19th-january-2022#English
19th Jan 2022
IMPORTANT current affairs
Forwarded from ExamGround
Black Sea
The Black Sea is located between Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
It is surrounded by the Pontic, Caucasus, and Crimean Mountains in the south, east and north respectively.
The Black Sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch.
The Turkish straits system - the Dardanelles, Bosporus and Marmara Sea - forms a transitional zone between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
Bordering countries of Black Sea are: Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania.
There is a significant absence of oxygen in the water (anoxic waters).
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The Black Sea is located between Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
It is surrounded by the Pontic, Caucasus, and Crimean Mountains in the south, east and north respectively.
The Black Sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch.
The Turkish straits system - the Dardanelles, Bosporus and Marmara Sea - forms a transitional zone between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
Bordering countries of Black Sea are: Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania.
There is a significant absence of oxygen in the water (anoxic waters).
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Forwarded from ExamGround
20th Jan IMPORTANT current affairs for defence examinations
https://www.examground.in/general-knowledge/current-affairs/important-current-affairs-20th-january-2022#English
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WILL BE HELPFUL FOR CDSE🤘
https://www.examground.in/general-knowledge/current-affairs/important-current-affairs-20th-january-2022#English
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WILL BE HELPFUL FOR CDSE🤘
Forwarded from ExamGround
BrahMos
BrahMos is a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development Organisation of India (DRDO) and the NPOM of Russia.
BrahMos is named on the rivers Brahmaputra and Moskva.
It is a two-stage (solid propellant engine in the first stage and liquid ramjet in second) missile.
It is a multiplatform missile i.e it can be launched from land, air, and sea and multi capability missile with pinpoint accuracy that works in both day and night irrespective of the weather conditions.
It operates on the "Fire and Forgets" principle i.e it does not require further guidance after launch.
Brahmos is one of the fastest cruise missile currently operationally deployed with speed of Mach 2.8, which is nearly 3 times more than the speed of sound.
# The BrahMos missile was initially developed with a range capped at 290 km.
The range of the missile was originally capped at 290 km as per obligations of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).
However, following India’s entry into the MTCR club in June 2016, the range is planned to be extended to 450 km and to 600km at a later stage.
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IMPORTANT POST FOR CDSE😱
BrahMos is a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development Organisation of India (DRDO) and the NPOM of Russia.
BrahMos is named on the rivers Brahmaputra and Moskva.
It is a two-stage (solid propellant engine in the first stage and liquid ramjet in second) missile.
It is a multiplatform missile i.e it can be launched from land, air, and sea and multi capability missile with pinpoint accuracy that works in both day and night irrespective of the weather conditions.
It operates on the "Fire and Forgets" principle i.e it does not require further guidance after launch.
Brahmos is one of the fastest cruise missile currently operationally deployed with speed of Mach 2.8, which is nearly 3 times more than the speed of sound.
# The BrahMos missile was initially developed with a range capped at 290 km.
The range of the missile was originally capped at 290 km as per obligations of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).
However, following India’s entry into the MTCR club in June 2016, the range is planned to be extended to 450 km and to 600km at a later stage.
@examground
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IMPORTANT POST FOR CDSE😱
Forwarded from ExamGround
South China Sea is an arm of western Pacific Ocean in Southeast Asia.
It is connected by Taiwan Strait with the East China Sea and by Luzon Strait with the Philippine Sea.
Bordering states & territories (clockwise from north): the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam.
Strategic Importance: This sea holds tremendous strategic importance for its location as it is the connecting link between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean (Strait of Malacca).
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It is connected by Taiwan Strait with the East China Sea and by Luzon Strait with the Philippine Sea.
Bordering states & territories (clockwise from north): the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam.
Strategic Importance: This sea holds tremendous strategic importance for its location as it is the connecting link between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean (Strait of Malacca).
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Forwarded from ExamGround
Saraswati River
The Saraswati is a major Rig Vedic river mentioned in the Rig Veda and other Vedic texts. It is part of the Sapta Sindhu rivers mentioned in the Rig Veda. The other rivers are Sindhu (Indus), Sutudri (Satluj), Vitasta (Jhelum), Vipasa (Beas), Askini (Chenab) and Parushni (Ravi).
The texts describe the Saraswati as a mighty and powerful river.
The Rig Veda says the Saraswati flows between the Satluj in the west and the Yamuna in the east, and as flowing into the samudra.
Later Vedic texts and also the Mahabharata mention that the river dried up in a desert.
Many modern scholars have identified the Saraswati of Rigvedic times with the Ghaggar-Hakra river system in northwestern India and eastern Pakistan.
According to experts, the Saraswati originated from the Har-ki-Dun glacier in Garhwal in Uttarakhand.
It is believed that the river was 1500 km long, 5 m deep and 3 – 15 km wide.
The Saraswati flowed between 6000 and 4000 BCE after which it dried up due to tectonic shifts of the earth.
# Ghaggar-Hakra River System
The Ghaggar-Hakra river system is a seasonal river that flows through northwestern India and Pakistan. It is a rain-fed river and flows only during the monsoon season. But, satellite images from ISRO and ONGC have confirmed that the major course of a river ran through the present-day Ghaggar River. The Ghaggar river originates from the Siwalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh (about 6300 feet above sea level), and flows through Punjab, Haryana and then into Rajasthan. The river is known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage.
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The Saraswati is a major Rig Vedic river mentioned in the Rig Veda and other Vedic texts. It is part of the Sapta Sindhu rivers mentioned in the Rig Veda. The other rivers are Sindhu (Indus), Sutudri (Satluj), Vitasta (Jhelum), Vipasa (Beas), Askini (Chenab) and Parushni (Ravi).
The texts describe the Saraswati as a mighty and powerful river.
The Rig Veda says the Saraswati flows between the Satluj in the west and the Yamuna in the east, and as flowing into the samudra.
Later Vedic texts and also the Mahabharata mention that the river dried up in a desert.
Many modern scholars have identified the Saraswati of Rigvedic times with the Ghaggar-Hakra river system in northwestern India and eastern Pakistan.
According to experts, the Saraswati originated from the Har-ki-Dun glacier in Garhwal in Uttarakhand.
It is believed that the river was 1500 km long, 5 m deep and 3 – 15 km wide.
The Saraswati flowed between 6000 and 4000 BCE after which it dried up due to tectonic shifts of the earth.
# Ghaggar-Hakra River System
The Ghaggar-Hakra river system is a seasonal river that flows through northwestern India and Pakistan. It is a rain-fed river and flows only during the monsoon season. But, satellite images from ISRO and ONGC have confirmed that the major course of a river ran through the present-day Ghaggar River. The Ghaggar river originates from the Siwalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh (about 6300 feet above sea level), and flows through Punjab, Haryana and then into Rajasthan. The river is known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage.
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Forwarded from IMAWITHLOVE (Aman Agarwal)
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Parakram Diwas: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Jayanti
The central government had decided to observe Subhas Chandra Bose Jayanti as 'Parakram Diwas' to be celebrated on 23rd January.
the Government of India has also instituted Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskaar to recognise the excellent work done by the individuals and institutions in the field of disaster management.
# About
Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23rd January 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province, to Prabhavati Dutt Bose and Janakinath Bose.
In 1919, he had cleared Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination. Bose, however, resigned later.
He was highly influenced by Vivekananda's teachings and considered him as his spiritual Guru.
His political mentor was Chittaranjan Das.
# Association with Congress
He stood for unqualified swaraj (independence), and opposed Motilal Nehru Report which spoke for dominion status for India.
He actively participated in the Salt Satyagraha of 1930 and vehemently opposed the suspension of Civil Disobedience Movement and signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931.
In the 1930s, he was closely associated with left politics in Congress along with Jawaharlal Nehru and M.N. Roy.
Bose won the congress presidential elections at Haripura in 1938.
Again in 1939 at Tripuri, he won the presidential elections against Gandhi's candidate Pattabhi Sitarammayya. Due to ideological differences with Gandhi, Bose resigned and left congress. Rajendra Prasad was appointed in his place.
He found a new party, 'the Forward Bloc'. The purpose was to consolidate the political left and major support base in his home state Bengal.
# Indian National Army
He reached Japanese-controlled Singapore from Germany in July 1943, issued from there his famous call, ‘Delhi Chalo’, and announced the formation of the Azad Hind Government and the Indian National Army on 21st October 1943.
The INA was first formed under Mohan Singh and Japanese Major Iwaichi Fujiwara and comprised Indian prisoners of war of the British-Indian Army captured by Japan in the Malayan (present-day Malaysia) campaign and at Singapore.
The INA included both, the Indian prisoners of war from Singapore and Indian civilians in South-East Asia. It's strength grew to 50,000.
The INA fought allied forces in 1944 inside the borders of India in Imphal and in Burma.
In November 1945, a British move to put the INA men on trial immediately sparked massive demonstration all over the country.
The central government had decided to observe Subhas Chandra Bose Jayanti as 'Parakram Diwas' to be celebrated on 23rd January.
the Government of India has also instituted Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskaar to recognise the excellent work done by the individuals and institutions in the field of disaster management.
# About
Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23rd January 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province, to Prabhavati Dutt Bose and Janakinath Bose.
In 1919, he had cleared Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination. Bose, however, resigned later.
He was highly influenced by Vivekananda's teachings and considered him as his spiritual Guru.
His political mentor was Chittaranjan Das.
# Association with Congress
He stood for unqualified swaraj (independence), and opposed Motilal Nehru Report which spoke for dominion status for India.
He actively participated in the Salt Satyagraha of 1930 and vehemently opposed the suspension of Civil Disobedience Movement and signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931.
In the 1930s, he was closely associated with left politics in Congress along with Jawaharlal Nehru and M.N. Roy.
Bose won the congress presidential elections at Haripura in 1938.
Again in 1939 at Tripuri, he won the presidential elections against Gandhi's candidate Pattabhi Sitarammayya. Due to ideological differences with Gandhi, Bose resigned and left congress. Rajendra Prasad was appointed in his place.
He found a new party, 'the Forward Bloc'. The purpose was to consolidate the political left and major support base in his home state Bengal.
# Indian National Army
He reached Japanese-controlled Singapore from Germany in July 1943, issued from there his famous call, ‘Delhi Chalo’, and announced the formation of the Azad Hind Government and the Indian National Army on 21st October 1943.
The INA was first formed under Mohan Singh and Japanese Major Iwaichi Fujiwara and comprised Indian prisoners of war of the British-Indian Army captured by Japan in the Malayan (present-day Malaysia) campaign and at Singapore.
The INA included both, the Indian prisoners of war from Singapore and Indian civilians in South-East Asia. It's strength grew to 50,000.
The INA fought allied forces in 1944 inside the borders of India in Imphal and in Burma.
In November 1945, a British move to put the INA men on trial immediately sparked massive demonstration all over the country.
Forwarded from ExamGround
Reservation in India
The purpose of reservation in India
The two main aims to provide reservation as per the Consitution of India are:
Advancement of Scheduled Castes (SC) and the Scheduled Tribes (ST) OR any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens (Eg: OBC) OR economically weaker sections (EWS) – Article 15 (4), Article 15 (5), and Article 15 (6),
Adequate representation of any backward class of citizens OR economically weaker sections (EWS) in the services under the State. – Article 16 (4) and Article 16 (6).
# SC/ST Reservation
The objective of providing reservations to the Scheduled Castes(SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) in services is not only to give jobs to some persons belonging to these communities. It basically aims at empowering them and ensuring their participation in the decision-making process of the State.
Besides, the state is also keen to end practices such as untouchability.
Scheduled Castes (SC) are given 15% quota in jobs/higher educational institutions while Schedule Tribes (ST) are given 7.5% quota in jobs/higher educational institutions.
Reservation is provided not only with respect to direct recruitment but also with respect to promotions for SC/ST category (Article 16(4A)).
There is no concept of ‘creamy layer’ with respect to SC/ST reservation. This means that irrespective of the income status or the government posts held by the parents, children of SC/ST parents will get SC/ST Reservation.
# OBC Reservation
Reservation for Other Backwards Classes (OBC) was introduced based on the Mandal Commission Report (1991). The quota for OBCs is 27% in government jobs and higher educational institutions.
However, there is a concept of ‘creamy layer’ with respect to the OBC reservation. Only those from OBC who comes under Non-Creamy Layer would get OBC reservation.
The creamy layer concept brings income and social status as parameters to exclude some of the privileged members of OBC from the extent of reservation. This concept also keeps a check to ensure that the benefits of reservation do not get extended to subsequent generations.
# EWS Reservation
The Central Government of India had introduced EWS Reservation. 10% quota is provided for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among General Category candidates in government jobs and educational institutions. This is done by adding clauses for the same in the Indian Constitution (103rd Constitution Amendment Act, 2019).
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www.examground.in
The purpose of reservation in India
The two main aims to provide reservation as per the Consitution of India are:
Advancement of Scheduled Castes (SC) and the Scheduled Tribes (ST) OR any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens (Eg: OBC) OR economically weaker sections (EWS) – Article 15 (4), Article 15 (5), and Article 15 (6),
Adequate representation of any backward class of citizens OR economically weaker sections (EWS) in the services under the State. – Article 16 (4) and Article 16 (6).
# SC/ST Reservation
The objective of providing reservations to the Scheduled Castes(SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) in services is not only to give jobs to some persons belonging to these communities. It basically aims at empowering them and ensuring their participation in the decision-making process of the State.
Besides, the state is also keen to end practices such as untouchability.
Scheduled Castes (SC) are given 15% quota in jobs/higher educational institutions while Schedule Tribes (ST) are given 7.5% quota in jobs/higher educational institutions.
Reservation is provided not only with respect to direct recruitment but also with respect to promotions for SC/ST category (Article 16(4A)).
There is no concept of ‘creamy layer’ with respect to SC/ST reservation. This means that irrespective of the income status or the government posts held by the parents, children of SC/ST parents will get SC/ST Reservation.
# OBC Reservation
Reservation for Other Backwards Classes (OBC) was introduced based on the Mandal Commission Report (1991). The quota for OBCs is 27% in government jobs and higher educational institutions.
However, there is a concept of ‘creamy layer’ with respect to the OBC reservation. Only those from OBC who comes under Non-Creamy Layer would get OBC reservation.
The creamy layer concept brings income and social status as parameters to exclude some of the privileged members of OBC from the extent of reservation. This concept also keeps a check to ensure that the benefits of reservation do not get extended to subsequent generations.
# EWS Reservation
The Central Government of India had introduced EWS Reservation. 10% quota is provided for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among General Category candidates in government jobs and educational institutions. This is done by adding clauses for the same in the Indian Constitution (103rd Constitution Amendment Act, 2019).
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South China Sea is an arm of western Pacific Ocean in Southeast Asia.
It is connected by Taiwan Strait with the East China Sea and by Luzon Strait with the Philippine Sea.
Bordering states & territories (clockwise from north): the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam.
Strategic Importance: This sea holds tremendous strategic importance for its location as it is the connecting link between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean (Strait of Malacca).
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It is connected by Taiwan Strait with the East China Sea and by Luzon Strait with the Philippine Sea.
Bordering states & territories (clockwise from north): the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam.
Strategic Importance: This sea holds tremendous strategic importance for its location as it is the connecting link between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean (Strait of Malacca).
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https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.livelearning8
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Sessions of Parliament:
* The summoning of Parliament is specified in Article 85 of the Constitution.
* The power to convene a session of Parliament rests with the Government. The decision is taken by the Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs which is formalised by the President, in whose name MPs are summoned to meet for a session.
* India does not have a fixed parliamentary calendar. By convention (i.e. not provided by the Constitution), Parliament meets for three sessions in a year.
* The longest, Budget Session (1st session), starts towards the end of January, and concludes by the end of April or first week of May. The session has a recess so that Parliamentary Committees can discuss the budgetary proposals.
* The second session is the three-week Monsoon Session, which usually begins in July and finishes in August.
* Winter Session (3rd session), is held from November to December.
# Summoning of Parliament:
* Summoning is the process of calling all members of the Parliament to meet. The President summons each House of the Parliament from time to time. The gap between two sessions of the Parliament cannot exceed 6 months, which means the Parliament meets at least two times in one year.
# Adjournment:
Adjournment terminates the sitting of the House which meets again at the time appointed for the next sitting. The postponement may be for a specified time such as hours, days or weeks. If the meeting is terminated without any definite time/ date fixed for the next meeting, it is called Adjournment sine die.
# Prorogation:
Prorogation is the end of a session. A prorogation puts an end to a session. The time between the Prorogation and reassembly is called Recess. Prorogation is the end of session and not the dissolution of the house (in case of Lok Sabha, as Rajya Sabha does not dissolve).
# Quorum:
Quorum refers to the minimum number of the members required to be present for conducting a meeting of the house. The Constitution has fixed one-tenth strength as quorum for both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Thus, to conduct a sitting of Lok Sabha, there should be at least 55 members present while to conduct a sitting of Rajya Sabha, there should be at least 25 members present.
* The summoning of Parliament is specified in Article 85 of the Constitution.
* The power to convene a session of Parliament rests with the Government. The decision is taken by the Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs which is formalised by the President, in whose name MPs are summoned to meet for a session.
* India does not have a fixed parliamentary calendar. By convention (i.e. not provided by the Constitution), Parliament meets for three sessions in a year.
* The longest, Budget Session (1st session), starts towards the end of January, and concludes by the end of April or first week of May. The session has a recess so that Parliamentary Committees can discuss the budgetary proposals.
* The second session is the three-week Monsoon Session, which usually begins in July and finishes in August.
* Winter Session (3rd session), is held from November to December.
# Summoning of Parliament:
* Summoning is the process of calling all members of the Parliament to meet. The President summons each House of the Parliament from time to time. The gap between two sessions of the Parliament cannot exceed 6 months, which means the Parliament meets at least two times in one year.
# Adjournment:
Adjournment terminates the sitting of the House which meets again at the time appointed for the next sitting. The postponement may be for a specified time such as hours, days or weeks. If the meeting is terminated without any definite time/ date fixed for the next meeting, it is called Adjournment sine die.
# Prorogation:
Prorogation is the end of a session. A prorogation puts an end to a session. The time between the Prorogation and reassembly is called Recess. Prorogation is the end of session and not the dissolution of the house (in case of Lok Sabha, as Rajya Sabha does not dissolve).
# Quorum:
Quorum refers to the minimum number of the members required to be present for conducting a meeting of the house. The Constitution has fixed one-tenth strength as quorum for both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Thus, to conduct a sitting of Lok Sabha, there should be at least 55 members present while to conduct a sitting of Rajya Sabha, there should be at least 25 members present.