🌷المسكين دعس المسمار .. مرة ثانية. ..
عطوه anti- tetanus

عيصير عندي early serum sickness
Due to Early response
لانو ال Antibody موجودة عندي مسبقاً... بسبب وجود ال memory cell اللي ظهرت من Immune reaction

طبعا Antibody against antigen administrated with antibody of tetanus

#مناعة
#مايكرو

🌷ليش في ناس ما يصير عندهم serum sickness؟؟

لانو ال antigen اللي احنا نتكلم عنه بتنتهي من الجسم .. قبل ما ياخذ الجهاز المناعي وقته وتطلع ال Antibody ..فما تطلع الا بعد نقصان الانتيجين وما يحصل تراكم لل Immune complexes ... فما يصير عندي الserum sickness

#مناعة
#مايكرو

ادمن القناة رجاءا القناة لل Short notes
وليس للملخصات ^^

🎁Chemotheraphy: Side Effects

🎖️MINA

Myelosuppression (Bone Marrow Supression)

Increase Infection risk

Nausea

Alopecia
#فارما

🏀NSAIDS: Contraindication

🏅BARSقضبان

Bleeding (Coagulopathy)

Asthma (10% of asthmatic patients are NSAID Sensitive )

Renal Diseases (Hypovolemia)

Stomach (Peptic Ulcer or Gastritis)

#فارما

💠Bronchial obstruction: consequences

(APPLE BABE🍎😁)

Atelectasis

Pleural adhesions

Pleuritis

Lipid pneumonia

Effusion->organisation->fibrosis

Bronchiectasis

Abscess

Broncho and lobar pneumonia

Emphysema

#باثو

#مهم_جدا_للدكتور_عدنان
______________
💈Atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroidism:
👉may lead to thrombosis

🔹Treated by warfarin & antiarrhythmic drugs.

🌟Diltiazem is the best treatment to patient with asthma and atrial fibrillation in case of hyperthiordism.

#فارما

🌹Bacterial meningitis is caused by several different types of bacteria, including:
1- Streptococcus pneumoniae, also called pneumococcus.
2- Neisseria meningitidis, also called meningococcus
3-Haemophilus influenzae, also called Hib
الدكتور حسن ^^
#بكتيريا
#مايكرو

☠Spore-forming bacteria☠

Some bacteria such as the✨( Bacillus) ✨and✨( Clostridium)✨ species are able to form spores.

These spores, also referred to as endospores, are the dormant form of vegetative bacteria and are highly resistant to physical and chemical influences.

الدكتور حسن^^

#بكتيريا
#مايكرو

Neisseria gonorrhea ✨
Is gram-negative intra- cellular diplococcus
تسبب مرض السيلان يعتبر STDs

#بكتيريا
#مايكرو

🌹Note :

✨Gram-positive mostly cocci

✨Gram-negative mostly bacilli
( Neisseria is diplococcus)🥀

الدكتور عقيل

#بكتيريا

#مايكرو

Mode of action of Anti-estrogens :

💊 Tamoxifen:

Block estrogen receptors in (breast)
( antagonist)
Stimulate estrogen receptors in the (endometrium ) ( agonist )

لهذا يستخدم في علاج ال Breat cancer .. ولكنه قد يسبب ال Endometrial cancer
مع ال Hot flushes

💊 Raloxifene:

- estrogenic action on bone ( agonist)

ويستخدم في ال osteoporosis of postmenopausal women وتقلل ال risk factor of breast cancer

💊 Clomiphene :

- block estrogen receptors in hypothalamus ( centrally) leading to increase production of ( FSH &LH) by inhibiting negative feedback of estrogen

ويستخدم في ال infertility لانه يعمل induce ovulation

#فارما

🌾Hyperprolactinemia :

Increase in prolactin levels ..
⭐️causes :

💫Mostly due to Adenoma ( prolactinoma)
💫 Drugs block Dopamine at pituitary: like tranquillizer ( medicine to reduce anxiety and tension) e.x :- Haloperidol

Or maybe physiological during pregnancy and lactation or even mental stress


🌟Effects :

🌺Female:
Amenorrhea
Galactorrhea
Inhibition of ovulation

🌺Male :
Gynecomastia
Infertility
Impotence

💊 treatment:

Dopamine AGONIST ..

Like :
💊Bromocriptine
💊 Cabergoline

#فارما

🌾
Increase GH ..
*Before* the the union of epiphysis :
Gaintism
🍂Linear growth
*after* the union of epiphysis :
Acromegaly
🍂enlarged hands , feets and jaws

🌾 causes ?
Adenoma
>> pituitary adenoma >> أما كلها او ال acidophilic adenoma

💊 Treatment:
- Surgery is the first choice ..

Medical:
🍃somatostatin analogus >> Octeriotide , Lanreotide

🍃GH receptors antagonist >> pegvisomant

🍃Dopamine agonists. .>> Bromocriptine
( له تأثير مثبط الخلايا المجاورة والتي تنتج البرولاكتين فيكون له نفس التأثير )

#فارما

🌼 على الرغم من وجود ال Viral interference
.واللي عبارة عن Superinfection- resistance
بمعنى انو اذا دخل الفايرس للخلية يصير Down regulation of receptor
بالتالي تكون الخلية ماعاد تتأثر بفايرس اخر اذا كانت مصابة بالفايرس

بس فيه حالات يكون ال Patient متعرض
لل HBV & HCV في نفس الوقت ؟

مالسبب ؟

السبب انو الكبد يتكون من الالاف الخلايا
فالفايرس B يصيب خلية و الفايرس C يصيب خلية اخرى غير مصابة ..

#فيروسات
#مايكرو

🌷 There are 6 genotypes of hepatitis C virus ..

🌷 the genotype in middle-east including Arabic country : Yemen , Egypt and so on Is Genotype 4⃣

🌷 we can't develop a vaccination for Hepatitis C virus due to presence of variable Quasispecies .. which change it's antigen خيرااات

🌷The presence of Anti- HCV IgM is not useful to determine if it is acute, chronic or either cured infection ( due to Quasispecies)

🌷 We must do RT-PCR to confirm the results

🌷 Both Acute and Chronic infection present HCV DNA .. But note
🍃 Acute infection >> rised ALT
🍃 chronic infection >> fluctuating ALT

#فيروسات
#مايكرو

Paget's disease of Bone :

🍃Deformity of bone due to increase turn over as explained

🍃Causes : unknown ( Risk factors : age , sex ( male ) and family history

🍃Diagnosed: by X-rays + increased Alkaline phosphatase level

🍃 X-ray image : - can show areas of bone reabsorption, enlargement of the bone

💊 Treatment:
- Commonly use bisphosphonates like :
Alendronate, Ibandronate..etc ( ends with nate )
- second choice : calcitonin (Miacalcin)

🍃In rare cases, surgery might be required 

#فارما