Light's criteria to differentiate between transudative vs exudative plueral effusion .

#باطنة

By X-Ray ...
It is not seen unless ,
the fluid is than 200 ml

So it's best seen By Ultrasound or Lateral decubitus X-ray.

#باطنة
#اشعة

🛑Dd of white plueral effusion ?
- emphyema
- cylothorax
-psuedochylothorax

🤍Chylothorax is caused by disruption of the thoracic duct and distributor resulting in chyli (lymphatics fluid of interstitial region) into pleural space. This can be seen in many conditions, and trauma and malignancy are the leading causes

🤍The most common etiologies of psuedocylothorax are tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis

#باطنة

-Indications for thoracotomy

A) Early indications

1-Chest x-ray reveals complete opacification of the whole hemithorax or wide mediastinum >8 cm.

2-Drainage of> 2000 ml of blood after insertion of the tube.

3-Bleeding > 200 ml/hour for 3 successive hours.

4-Associated with injuries, e.g., the oesophagus or cardiac tamponade.

B) Delayed indications

1-Clotted or loculated haemothorax ( diagnosed by failure of the tube to drain blood) -4 mini-thoracotomy for evacuation of blood clot

2-In the presence of foreign bodies.

3-Fibrothorax needs thoracotomy and decortication of the lung.

#جراحة

JVP waveforms

#باطنة

Gustilo classification

#جراحة

levels of cervical lymph nodes which are used in staging of the cancers:

- Level I: Submental and submandibular nodes

- Level II: Upper jugular chain of nodes
(upper cervical)

- Level III Mid jugular nodes,

- Level IV: Lower jugular behind lower border of
SCm

- Level V: Posterior triangle lymph nodes;
nodes along spinal accessory nerve

- Level VI: Central compartment lymph nodes

#جراحة

‏"صباح الخيرِ، ثُم إنه برحمةِ اللّٰه
‏سَترى كيفَ يهونُ الذي أعتقدتَ أنّهُ لا يهون
‏وكيفَ تتجاوز الذي ظننتَ أنّهُ صَعب
‏سترى كيفَ يَطيبُ قلبَك
‏وستشهَد شِفاء نفسَك
‏فرحمة اللّٰه تُنسي وتُشفي ويعقبها العوض
‏الذي يأتي من حيثُ لا تحتسبْ
‏فكرَم اللّٰه عَظيم ورحمتهُ واسعة" 🤍.

👉LH surge = 36 hours
LH peak = 12 hours
وبعد هذا كله تبدأ تحدث الovulation مباشرةً
هذا سؤال MCQ

👉NSAID is contraindicated during minstrual cycle..... It cause dysmenorrhea


👉At the day of 21th of menstrual cycle we should measure progesterone...
- if high= ovulation happened
-if low = ovulation didn't happened
وهذا أيضاً MCQ

👉Menorrhagia means increase amount or increase duration "or both" of menstrual cycle

#د_عليه
#نسائية
#menstrual_cycle

🔴The steps or ways for knowing the ovulation phase :
1-The Basel body temperature increase about 0.5°c🥵
2-positive firm test (➕)
3-spinbarket test (➕)
4-cervical mucus are thin , aceullar,...
5- Day " 21 " of menstrual cycle is best day for measure progesterone during ovulation phase ^^ ( High)⏫
#نسائية
#menstrual_cycle

Follicles structure :-
Inner Granulosa vs Outer Theca
Functions 👆🏻

#نسائية
#menstrual_cycle
#د_علية

هذا قالت بتسأل فيهم ☠ عشان الغايبين ما يعرفوش يجاوبوا

#د_علية
#نسائية

🟧 تحت تأثير ال ( FSH) عدد من الخلايا داخل ال Ovary يحصل لهم Growth ..
لكن فقط خلية واحدة تصبح Dominant Follicle? او تسمي Graffian Follicle ?

Why ?

FSH induces the appearance of the LH receptor sites in the granulosa cell.

The FSH-induced increase in LH receptors is essential for preparing the graafian follicle for the pre-ovulatory surge of LH which initiates ovulation.

#نسائية
#د_علية

🟣Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was shown to play a relevant role in follicle rupture during Ovulation ,,,

So NSAIDs is Contraindicated for Women who wants to Get Pregnant

#نسائية
#د_علية

🟢 The cessation of menstrual bleeding is achieved by endometrial haemostasis via:- .

يعني يحصل Balance:-
1) platelets ,

2) Prostaglandin E2 , Prostacycline in favor of Prostaglandin ( Vasoconstriction)

3) Fibrinolytics , and Fibrin Deposition

#نسائية
#د_علية