Surgical notes
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Surgical notes
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๐Ÿฆ‰1_ answer a

about Ancylstoma dudenalae :
๐Ÿฅ the infective stage is filariform larva
๐Ÿฅthe diagnostic stage is immature eggs
๐Ÿฅeggs number are 20,000 eggs /female /day
๐Ÿฅmode of infection is penetration through the skin
๐Ÿฅthey are positive thermotropism ,hydrotropism, histotropism
but negative geotropism
๐Ÿฅabout moults
first twice in soil
then the third time in lung
the the fourth time in small intestine

๐Ÿฆ‰2_answer ู…ุญุฐูˆู

๐Ÿฆ‰3_ (A)

cysticercus larvae of Taenia solium found in
subcutaneous tissues , brain , heart , eye of human

cysticercus larva of Taenia saginata found in
tounge , heart , active striated muscles of beef

cysticercoid larva of hymenolepis Nana found in
villio of small intestine of man

unilocular larva of Echinoccocus granulosus found in
liver 70 % lung 24% kidney then bone then brain of man


coenurus cerebralis larva of multiceps multiceps found in
brain and spinal cord of herbivore animals rarely in man

sparagnum larva of D. mansoni
and D. proliferum is found in
subcutaneous tissues, muscle and eye

๐Ÿฆ‰4_ (B)
the presence of eggs in tissues stimulate ba tissue reaction producing format of local tubercles or granulomatous lesions leading to stricture , chronic ulcers, polyp , Sandy patches

๐Ÿฆ‰5_ (B)
โ›‘acute stage of S. mansoni ( intestinal bilharziasis )
fistula
abdominal pain
dysentery

โ›‘acute stag of S.hematopium
(urinary bilharziasis )
terminal haematouria ( endemic haematouria).
frequency of micturation
dysuria

๐Ÿฆ‰6_ (D)

๐Ÿฆ‰7_(C)
trophozoites are seen in liquid stool but cyst in formed stool

trophozoites are non infective
cysts are infective

acute amoebiasis associated with liquid stool and trophozoites so non infective

chronic amoebiasis and carrier associated with formed stool and cysts so infective


๐Ÿฆ‰8_ (A)

๐Ÿฆ‰9_ (B) ู…ูƒุฑุฑ

๐Ÿฆ‰10_ (B)
if IgG is negative no infection
if IgG is positive the following are diagnosed
1_ infection over 2 years ago if IgM is negative
2_ past or new or false positive infection if IgM is positive
3_infection within past 3_6 months if IgM is high positive


๐Ÿฆ‰11_ congenital toxoplasmosis is characterized by
1_ abortion or still birth
2_ CNS manifestations
3'_ eye manifestations

acute acquired toxoplasmosis is characterized by
1_ lymphatic manifestations
2_ cerebrospinal manifestations
3_ exanthematous manifestations as rash and typhus

chronic aquired manifestations
no symptoms exept in AIDS patient

๐Ÿฆ‰ 12 (C)
leishmania associated with increase globulin and decreased albumin


13_ (A)

#_ุทููŠู„ูŠุงุช
Surgical notes
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14 ) A

15) B
( for Toxocara canis which visceral Larva migrans)
Diagnosis:-
1) Serology : ELISA and RAST " Radio -allergo-sorbant Test for detection IgE
2) marked Eosioophillia, hyper gamma globulinmeia
3) laproscopy and Biobsy from liver

16) B
(ุงู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุณูŠุฑูƒุงุฑูŠุง ููŠ ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุณุงุจู‚ ^^)

17) D
๐Ÿ‘ˆ๐Ÿปโ—๏ธKatayama fever is immunological reaction aganist heavy infection with Schistosomas and greet number of eggs ( Febrile reaction with Hyper- Eosioophillia)
It is the commenest infection with S. japonicum . Less common with mansoni and heamatobium

18) ( C)
Like other trematoda. .. the Infective stage is Encysted metacercaria

19) ( A)
Brcause Adult Stage of Echinococcus granulosa is not found in Human at all
( only larva = Hydatid cyst)

20) B
H.nana is the Dwarf Tapewarm

21) B
Nocturnal Enuresis with Enterobius vermicularis
>> At night migration of Female worm to anus and Put the egg in the peri-anal skin ... on its way it causes irritation of urethra and Enuresis .

22) c
Trichuris trichiura has no migration phase

23) C
๐Ÿ‘‰๐ŸปAdult female of Strongyloides stercoralis Oviposits " not Larviperious "
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป facaltative Parasite can live either free or parasitic
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป can change to adult in the lung

24) A
Strongyloides stercoralis we can only find larva in stool

25) D
Each of T.solium , H.nana , Enterobius vermicularis can cause Autoinfection

#ุทููŠู„ูŠุงุช
Surgical notes
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๐Ÿš—26 _ (C)
diagnosis of oxuriasis or enrobiasis by
1_ adult worm in stool
2_ NIH swap
3_ scotch adhesive swap

diagnosis of ancylostomiasis
by
1_ concentration method or Kato smear (for eggs )
2_ anemia
3_ clinical

diagnosis of strongyloides
by
1_ rhabditiform larva in stools
2_ esinophilia
3_ larva in sputum
4_ Elisa and ifat

diagnosis of ascaris

1_ clinical cough and dyspnea
2_ esinophilia
3_ X Ray
4_ eggs in stool or larva in sputum

๐Ÿš—27_ (D)
rectal prolapse is a complication of Trichuriasis as a result of oedema of the rectum produced by the number of Trichuris trichuria worms embedded in the Rea

๐Ÿš—28(B) ู…ูƒุฑุฑุฑ

๐Ÿš—29_(B)
loefler's syndrome is local inflammatory reaction around the larva of the ascaris and also of Ancylstoma dudenalae in the lung manifested by dry cough ,long grade fever , dyspnea , esinophilia
also the sputum contain Charcot leyden crystals

๐Ÿš—30_(A)
paragonimus westermani is lung fluck is not associated with anemia

๐Ÿš—31_ (ู…ุญุฐูˆู )
๐Ÿš—32_(ู…ุญุฐูˆู )
๐Ÿš—33_(B) ู…ูƒุฑุฑ
๐Ÿš—34_(D) ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูŠุนูŠู†ูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงุงู„ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉุŒ ๐Ÿคฏูˆุฌุฑุนุงุชู‡ุง
๐Ÿš—35_ู…ุญุฐูˆู
๐Ÿš—36_ู…ุญุฐูˆู
๐Ÿš—37_(B)
peruritis Ani is caused by Enterobius vermicularis ( oxyuria ) adult female during it's protrude through the anal canal to put it's eggs in anal and Peri anal region mostly in children and especially at night

#ุทููŠู„ูŠุงุช
Surgical notes
Photo
1) A ู…ูƒุฑุฑ

2) b
๐ŸŒšIn mosquito ... there is the sexuall stage ( Difinitive Host)and called Sporogony .. only

In the man : Gametogony , Pre- / Erythrocytic Shizogony ( Asexuall)

3) B

๐ŸŒšInfective stage of Leishmania is Promastigoite ... then engulfed by Macrophage and Turn to amastigoite which attributed in Leishmanioma

4) A
๐ŸŒšRadical treatment Primaquine ( 8- Amino-quinoline

5) a
๐ŸŒšGiardia Lamblia is associated with Diarrhea not Dysentery

6) Blood smear
๐ŸŒšIntestinal amoebiasis has no esionphilla nor Blood manifestations

๐ŸŒšDiagnosis:- Direct antigen ( Coproantigens )

๐ŸŒšExtra - Intestinal amoebiasis may be diagnosed through Blood Smear

7) c ( ู…ูƒุฑุฑ)

8) b ^^^^

9) d ( ู…ูƒุฑุฑ )

10) b ( ู…ูƒุฑุฑ)

11) a ( ู…ูƒุฑุฑ)

12) b ( ู…ูƒุฑุฑ)

13) c ( ู…ูƒุฑุฑ)

#ุทููŠู„ูŠุงุช
Surgical notes
Photo
๐Ÿ•น14_ (D)
congenital and acute toxoplasmosis must be treated

chronic toxoplasmosis requires no treatment

1_ combination of pyrimethamine (daraprim) and trisulfapyrimidines

2_ spiramycin

mode of infection by toxablas

diagnosis of toxoplasmosis
labratoray
1_frenkel test (toxoplasmin I. D test )
2_ Sabin_ fedlman's test

X Ray for reveals cerebral calcification

๐Ÿ•น15_(A) ู…ูƒุฑุฑ
๐Ÿ•น16_( B)
๐Ÿ•น17_(A)
common with S. japonicum
less common with S. mansoni
rarely with S. haematopium
๐Ÿ•น18_ (A)
diecioues means has two separate sexes
monoecious means has non separate sexes
๐Ÿ•น19_ (B)
adult worm of Enterobius vermicularis usually detected in stool but not the eggs
๐Ÿ•น20_ (c)
๐Ÿ•น21_ (B) ู…ูƒุฑุฑ
๐Ÿ•น22_ (D)
all the following worms has migratory phase in lung
1_strongyloides stercoralis๐Ÿ‘‰
dwarf thread worm
2_ancylostoma dudenalae ๐Ÿ‘‰
hook worm
3_ ascaris lumbricoids๐Ÿ‘‰gaint cylindrical worm
4_ necator Americans worm

exept Enterobius vermicularis ๐Ÿ‘‰seat worm

๐Ÿ•น23_ (B) ู…ูƒุฑุฑ
larviparous โŽ
ooviposuts โœ…

๐Ÿ•น24_ (A) ู…ูƒุฑุฑ

๐Ÿ•น25_ (c)
๐Ÿ•น26_(C)ู…ูƒุฑุฑ

#ุทููŠู„ูŠุงุช
Surgical notes
Photo
๐ŸŒš Rectal Prolapse:- ( D)
With Trichuris trichiura

๐ŸŒš pathogenic Activity of Entamoeba histolytica Except :- B

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป Dependence on resistance of the host
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป Condition of the Intestinal tract
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป The virulance and invasevness
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป facilitated by CHO diet , phsical and Chemical injury

๐ŸŒš Loeffler Syndrome : B
( ู…ูƒุฑุฑ ) >>
Inflammatory/ allergic reaction due to Larva not Adult

๐ŸŒš no anemia with Pargaonimus

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป Schistosoma , Trichuris , hook worm ( microcytic hypochromic )
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป D. Latum ( Macroctic Hyperchromic )
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป Malaria ( Heamolytic )
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป Leishmania Denovani ( Hypoplastic )

๐ŸŒš the Determined factor
Answer is " C "

๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป bacteria flora
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป physiological status
๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป Acidity Lowered to PH ( 5-7) โœ”๏ธ

Normal PH ( 3.8- 4.4) โœ–๏ธ

๐ŸŒš ( b) Routine Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis is Serology

๐ŸŒš none of Above

๐ŸŒšู…ุด ุนู„ูŠู†ุง

๐ŸŒš ู…ุด ุนู„ูŠู†ุง

๐ŸŒš 37 ( B )
ู…ูƒุฑุฑ

๐ŸŒš38 ( C)
Anclyostoma duodenale leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia due to Blood Lose >>> Iron deficiency

#ุทููŠู„ูŠุงุช
Surgical notes
Photo
โŒš๏ธ39_ู…ุญุฐูˆู
โŒš๏ธ40_ C

intestinal stage of hook worms manifested by
1_ pica ๐Ÿ‘‰means haptiual ingestion of non food substances as soil

physical and mental retardation
gastrointestinal manifestations
hypoproteinemia
anemia (hypochromic hypocytic )

โŒš๏ธ41_ A ู…ูƒุฑุฑ
โŒš๏ธ42_ู…ุญุฐูˆู
โŒš๏ธ43_(c)
โŒš๏ธ44_D
45_c ู…ูƒุฑุฑ
46_ b ู…ูƒุฑุฑ
47_ a ู…ูƒุฑุฑ
48_c
49_a ู…ูƒุฑุฑ
50_c

#ุทููŠู„ูŠุงุช
the longest tape worm is the diphyllobotherium latum

the largest tape worm is the
Taenia saginata

the smallest tape worm is the
Echinoccocus granulosus

#ุชุฌู…ูŠุนุงุช_ุณูŠุณุชูˆุฏุง
#ุทููŠู„ูŠุงุช
Forwarded from Deleted Account
๐Ÿ”ด๐Ÿ”ดู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุชุญูˆูŠ ุงู‡ู… ู…ุง ุชู… ุฐูƒุฑู‡ ุจุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠู‡ ู„ู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุฉ ุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ุทูŠู :

ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ู…ู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰
ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุงุฑุฉ ...ุงู„ูุฆุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‡ุฏูุฉ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ

ููŠู‡ ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ ุงู†ู‡ ู†ูู‡ู…ู‡ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุดุฑุญ
Retrospective
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ู‡ ู†ุฑูˆุญ ู„ู„ุงุฑุดูŠู ูˆู†ุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ุชู‚ุงุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ู„ู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ูŠ ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡ ุงูƒูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ
Antrospective
ุงู†ู‡ ู†ุฏุฑุณ ุนู† ุดุฆ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ูŠ ูˆู†ุชุงุจุนู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุณุชู…ุฑ ูˆุจู†ู…ุฑ ุจุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ุชู…ุดูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ู…ุซู„ cohort ู…ุซู„ุง



ุงู„ุงู† ู†ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ู„ู†ูˆุนูŠู†
1-interventional
Include experimental studies

2-non-interventional
Means observational
A-descriptive
B-analytic
ุญุณุจ ุชู‚ุณูŠู… ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ
ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ู…ู„ุฒู…ุชู‡ุง ูˆู…ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ู‚ุณู…ูˆู‡ุง
ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ู„ุง ูˆุตููŠู‡ ุชู†ู‚ุณู… ู„ุงุณุชุทู„ุงุนูŠู‡ ....ูˆุตููŠู‡ ..ุซู… ุชุญู„ูŠู„ูŠุฉ
ูˆุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ู…ู‡ู… ู„ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ุงูˆู„ู‰ ุจูŠุชู… ููŠู‡ุง ุงุฎุฐ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงูˆู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู†ูˆุตู ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ูŠ ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ุงุฎูŠุฑุฉ ุชูุตูŠู„ ูˆุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุทูŠุงุช ูˆุฑุจุทู‡ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ูˆุงุณุชู†ุชุงุฌ ุนุงู…ู„ ุฎุทูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงุฌู„ ุญู„ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ
ู„ู„ุชูˆุถูŠุญ ุงูƒุซุฑ

1-non- interventional or observational
ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุง ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุชุฏุฎู„ ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠุง
1-exploratory
ุชุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ู‡ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชู‡ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ุงุตุญ ุญุงู„ู‡ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ู‡ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุงูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ูˆุชุชู…ูŠุฒ ุงู†ู‡ short duration ูˆู†ุจุฏุง ุจู‡ ู‚ุจู„ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ูˆุงุญูŠุงู†ุง ู‚ุฏ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุทุงุจุน ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ููŠู‡ุง
ู…ู† ุถู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ุงูŠุณู…ู‰ triangulation ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุนุฏุฉ ุฒูˆุงูŠุง
ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุชุฏู†ูŠ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ูˆุงุณุจุงุจู‡ ู†ุณุงู„ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู…ูŠู† ูˆู†ุณุงู„ ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ูู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ู† different independent sourced ูู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ cross-checked
Forwarded from Deleted Account
ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ
ุงู„ูˆุตููŠุฉ ูˆุชุณุจู‚ ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ูŠุฉ
It is systematic collection and presentation of data to give clear picture of situation
ุชู†ู‚ุณู… ู„ู‚ุณู…ูŠู†
Case study :
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุฌู‡ุฉ ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุงู…ุฑุงุถ ุงูˆ ู…ุคุณุณุงุช ุงูˆ ุฎุฏู…ุงุช ...ุงู„ุฎ .ุชุนุฑู ุงู†ู‡ุง small scale ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ ุถูŠู‚
Common in social science and first step to clinical picture
ู„ูƒู† ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช large scale ุจุชุชุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู‰ cross- section
ุบุงู„ุจุง ู„ูˆ ุชุถู…ู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† ุจูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุงุณู…ู‡ ู…ู† cross section surveys to....census ูˆุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุฎุงุต ุจูุชุฑุฉ ุฒู…ู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุงุณู†ุงุฏ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุฏุฑุณู†ุง ุจุงู„ุฏูŠู…ูˆุบุฑุงููŠ

ูˆู‡ูˆุบุงู„ุจุง ุฒูŠ ู…ุงุดุฑุญุช ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุฉ ุจู†ุฏุณู‡ ุจุนุฏุฉ ูุชุฑุงุช ู…ุงุถูŠู‡ ูˆุญุงุถุฑุฉ ูˆู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู…ู‚ุทุนูŠุฉ ู„ุงุฒู…ุงู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ูƒุงู† ุนุฏุฏุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุนู‚ุฏ ู„ุงู†ู‡ ู…ุงุจูŠุนุทู†ุง ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ูุฑุจู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู†ุงุฏุฑ ูˆู†ุฑุจุทู‡ุง ุจู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ....ุงู†ู‡ ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ูŠุชู†ุงุณุจ ุนูƒุณูŠุง ู…ุน ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุฑุถ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ู†ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุงู†ูŠ ุงูƒุจุฑ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุนุดุงู† ุงุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู… ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู‚ุฏุฑ ุงุฏุฑุณ ุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ูˆุงุญู„ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ..ุตุญ ุŸ๐Ÿ˜…
Forwarded from Deleted Account
ุทุจุนุง ุญุณุจ ู…ุง ุดุฑุญุช ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุณู†ู‡ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ู‡ ุงู†ู‡ ุชู†ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ูˆุตููŠุฉ ุงู„ู‰ :ุงุณุชุทู„ุงุนูŠุฉ ...ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ ...case study ุงุญู†ุง ู‚ุณู…ุชู‡ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุงุฎุฑ ู…ุซู„ ููˆูˆู‚
Forwarded from Deleted Account
ุซุงู„ุซุง : ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ูŠุฉ
ุงูˆู„ุง case study
ุงู†ู‡ ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุณุจุจ ู„ู…ุฑุถ ู…ุนูŠู† ู†ูƒู† ุดุงูƒูŠู† ููŠู‡ ูู†ุงุฎุฐ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุชูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุชุชุนุฑุถ ู„ู„ุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒูˆูƒ ููŠู‡ ูˆุงุฎุฑู‰ ู„ุง ูˆู„ูŠูƒู† ู…ุซู„ู…ุง ู‚ุงู„ุช ุจู…ู„ุฒู…ุชู‡ุง ุญุงู„ุงุช diarrhea ุนู†ุฏ ู†ุงุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู…ุตุฏุฑูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุซู… ู†ุญู„ู„ ูˆู†ูุตู„
ุงู† ูƒุงู† ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ุงุตุงุจุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ aุงู„ูŠ ู…ุดูƒูˆูƒ ุจู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณุงุณ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ู‡independent variableู„ู„dependent ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ diarrhea
ู†ุณูŠุช ู…ุง ุงุฐูƒุฑ ู…ุตุทู„ุญ
confounding factor
ุชุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุดูˆุดุฉ
ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู„ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠ b ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุจุญุฏูˆุซ ุงู„ุงุณู‡ุงู„ ุงูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู…ู„ aุงู„ู…ุดูƒูˆูƒ ุจู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ู„ุบูŠ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู…ู„ ูˆู†ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุนุงู…ู„ ุงุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุดูˆุดุฉ
ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู†ู‡ ุงุญูŠุงู†ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุตุนุจ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุชูŠู† ุชุดุจู‡ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต ูˆู…ู† ุนูŠูˆุจู‡ ุงูŠุถุง ุงู†ู‡ุง ุบูŠุฑ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ

ุงู„ูŠ ุจุนุฏู‡ุงู‡ูˆ cross section
ุงูŠุด ุงู…ุซู„ุชู‡ุง ุงู†ู‡ ู…ุซู„ุง ู†ุฏุฑุณ
socioeconomic factors
Knowledge attitude thinking opinion and its associated behavior of people
ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดุฑุญ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ ...
ุงุฎุฑ ุดูŠ cohort study
ุงูˆู„ ู…ู† ู‚ุงู… ุจู‡ ู‡ู… Hill and Dollููƒุฑุชู‡ุง ุงู†ูˆ ุงู†ุช ุชุฏุฑุณ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุชูŠู†
Study group ุงู„ูŠ ูŠุชุนุฑุถ ู„ู„ุนุงู…ู„
Comparison group ุงู„ูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุชุนุฑุถ ู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„
ู…ุฏู‰ ุชุงุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฏุฎูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู…ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ
ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ุฏุฎู†ูŠู† ูˆู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฎู†ูŠู†
ุชุชู… ุนุจุฑ ุงุดุฑุงู ุทุจูŠุจ ูŠุฑุงู‚ุจ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ูˆูŠุนู…ู„ monitoring ู„ู‡ู… ูƒู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ุฑุจู…ุง ูƒู„ ุงุณุจูˆุนูŠู† ุจูุญูˆุตุงุช ูˆุงุฏูˆุงุช ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ูˆูŠุชูˆุตุจ ู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููƒุฑุชู‡ุง ูŠุดุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุชุญู‚ู‚ ุงู„ุฎุทุฑ ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู† ูŠุญุฏุซ
ู…ุฒุงูŠุงู‡ุง ุงู†ู‡ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฌุฏุง ูˆู„ูˆ ุทุจู‚ู†ุงู‡ุง ู…ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู†ุฑูˆุญ ู„ู„ูŠ ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑูŠุจูŠุฉ experimental ูƒู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง
It gives the accurate causative factor
ู„ูƒู† ุนูŠูˆุจู‡ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู†ู‡
ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ...ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุณู†ูŠู† ...ู…ู† ุดุฑูˆุทู‡ ุงู†ู‡ ุชูƒุชุจ ูƒู„ ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุถู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุตุนุจ ุจุณุจุจ population movement