Surgical notes
Photo
๐ฆ1_ answer a
about Ancylstoma dudenalae :
๐ฅ the infective stage is filariform larva
๐ฅthe diagnostic stage is immature eggs
๐ฅeggs number are 20,000 eggs /female /day
๐ฅmode of infection is penetration through the skin
๐ฅthey are positive thermotropism ,hydrotropism, histotropism
but negative geotropism
๐ฅabout moults
first twice in soil
then the third time in lung
the the fourth time in small intestine
๐ฆ2_answer ู ุญุฐูู
๐ฆ3_ (A)
cysticercus larvae of Taenia solium found in
subcutaneous tissues , brain , heart , eye of human
cysticercus larva of Taenia saginata found in
tounge , heart , active striated muscles of beef
cysticercoid larva of hymenolepis Nana found in
villio of small intestine of man
unilocular larva of Echinoccocus granulosus found in
liver 70 % lung 24% kidney then bone then brain of man
coenurus cerebralis larva of multiceps multiceps found in
brain and spinal cord of herbivore animals rarely in man
sparagnum larva of D. mansoni
and D. proliferum is found in
subcutaneous tissues, muscle and eye
๐ฆ4_ (B)
the presence of eggs in tissues stimulate ba tissue reaction producing format of local tubercles or granulomatous lesions leading to stricture , chronic ulcers, polyp , Sandy patches
๐ฆ5_ (B)
โacute stage of S. mansoni ( intestinal bilharziasis )
fistula
abdominal pain
dysentery
โacute stag of S.hematopium
(urinary bilharziasis )
terminal haematouria ( endemic haematouria).
frequency of micturation
dysuria
๐ฆ6_ (D)
๐ฆ7_(C)
trophozoites are seen in liquid stool but cyst in formed stool
trophozoites are non infective
cysts are infective
acute amoebiasis associated with liquid stool and trophozoites so non infective
chronic amoebiasis and carrier associated with formed stool and cysts so infective
๐ฆ8_ (A)
๐ฆ9_ (B) ู ูุฑุฑ
๐ฆ10_ (B)
if IgG is negative no infection
if IgG is positive the following are diagnosed
1_ infection over 2 years ago if IgM is negative
2_ past or new or false positive infection if IgM is positive
3_infection within past 3_6 months if IgM is high positive
๐ฆ11_ congenital toxoplasmosis is characterized by
1_ abortion or still birth
2_ CNS manifestations
3'_ eye manifestations
acute acquired toxoplasmosis is characterized by
1_ lymphatic manifestations
2_ cerebrospinal manifestations
3_ exanthematous manifestations as rash and typhus
chronic aquired manifestations
no symptoms exept in AIDS patient
๐ฆ 12 (C)
leishmania associated with increase globulin and decreased albumin
13_ (A)
#_ุทููููุงุช
about Ancylstoma dudenalae :
๐ฅ the infective stage is filariform larva
๐ฅthe diagnostic stage is immature eggs
๐ฅeggs number are 20,000 eggs /female /day
๐ฅmode of infection is penetration through the skin
๐ฅthey are positive thermotropism ,hydrotropism, histotropism
but negative geotropism
๐ฅabout moults
first twice in soil
then the third time in lung
the the fourth time in small intestine
๐ฆ2_answer ู ุญุฐูู
๐ฆ3_ (A)
cysticercus larvae of Taenia solium found in
subcutaneous tissues , brain , heart , eye of human
cysticercus larva of Taenia saginata found in
tounge , heart , active striated muscles of beef
cysticercoid larva of hymenolepis Nana found in
villio of small intestine of man
unilocular larva of Echinoccocus granulosus found in
liver 70 % lung 24% kidney then bone then brain of man
coenurus cerebralis larva of multiceps multiceps found in
brain and spinal cord of herbivore animals rarely in man
sparagnum larva of D. mansoni
and D. proliferum is found in
subcutaneous tissues, muscle and eye
๐ฆ4_ (B)
the presence of eggs in tissues stimulate ba tissue reaction producing format of local tubercles or granulomatous lesions leading to stricture , chronic ulcers, polyp , Sandy patches
๐ฆ5_ (B)
โacute stage of S. mansoni ( intestinal bilharziasis )
fistula
abdominal pain
dysentery
โacute stag of S.hematopium
(urinary bilharziasis )
terminal haematouria ( endemic haematouria).
frequency of micturation
dysuria
๐ฆ6_ (D)
๐ฆ7_(C)
trophozoites are seen in liquid stool but cyst in formed stool
trophozoites are non infective
cysts are infective
acute amoebiasis associated with liquid stool and trophozoites so non infective
chronic amoebiasis and carrier associated with formed stool and cysts so infective
๐ฆ8_ (A)
๐ฆ9_ (B) ู ูุฑุฑ
๐ฆ10_ (B)
if IgG is negative no infection
if IgG is positive the following are diagnosed
1_ infection over 2 years ago if IgM is negative
2_ past or new or false positive infection if IgM is positive
3_infection within past 3_6 months if IgM is high positive
๐ฆ11_ congenital toxoplasmosis is characterized by
1_ abortion or still birth
2_ CNS manifestations
3'_ eye manifestations
acute acquired toxoplasmosis is characterized by
1_ lymphatic manifestations
2_ cerebrospinal manifestations
3_ exanthematous manifestations as rash and typhus
chronic aquired manifestations
no symptoms exept in AIDS patient
๐ฆ 12 (C)
leishmania associated with increase globulin and decreased albumin
13_ (A)
#_ุทููููุงุช
Surgical notes
Photo
14 ) A
15) B
( for Toxocara canis which visceral Larva migrans)
Diagnosis:-
1) Serology : ELISA and RAST " Radio -allergo-sorbant Test for detection IgE
2) marked Eosioophillia, hyper gamma globulinmeia
3) laproscopy and Biobsy from liver
16) B
(ุงููุงุน ุงูุณูุฑูุงุฑูุง ูู ู ูุดูุฑ ุณุงุจู ^^)
17) D
๐๐ปโ๏ธKatayama fever is immunological reaction aganist heavy infection with Schistosomas and greet number of eggs ( Febrile reaction with Hyper- Eosioophillia)
It is the commenest infection with S. japonicum . Less common with mansoni and heamatobium
18) ( C)
Like other trematoda. .. the Infective stage is Encysted metacercaria
19) ( A)
Brcause Adult Stage of Echinococcus granulosa is not found in Human at all
( only larva = Hydatid cyst)
20) B
H.nana is the Dwarf Tapewarm
21) B
Nocturnal Enuresis with Enterobius vermicularis
>> At night migration of Female worm to anus and Put the egg in the peri-anal skin ... on its way it causes irritation of urethra and Enuresis .
22) c
Trichuris trichiura has no migration phase
23) C
๐๐ปAdult female of Strongyloides stercoralis Oviposits " not Larviperious "
๐๐ป facaltative Parasite can live either free or parasitic
๐๐ป can change to adult in the lung
24) A
Strongyloides stercoralis we can only find larva in stool
25) D
Each of T.solium , H.nana , Enterobius vermicularis can cause Autoinfection
#ุทููููุงุช
15) B
( for Toxocara canis which visceral Larva migrans)
Diagnosis:-
1) Serology : ELISA and RAST " Radio -allergo-sorbant Test for detection IgE
2) marked Eosioophillia, hyper gamma globulinmeia
3) laproscopy and Biobsy from liver
16) B
(ุงููุงุน ุงูุณูุฑูุงุฑูุง ูู ู ูุดูุฑ ุณุงุจู ^^)
17) D
๐๐ปโ๏ธKatayama fever is immunological reaction aganist heavy infection with Schistosomas and greet number of eggs ( Febrile reaction with Hyper- Eosioophillia)
It is the commenest infection with S. japonicum . Less common with mansoni and heamatobium
18) ( C)
Like other trematoda. .. the Infective stage is Encysted metacercaria
19) ( A)
Brcause Adult Stage of Echinococcus granulosa is not found in Human at all
( only larva = Hydatid cyst)
20) B
H.nana is the Dwarf Tapewarm
21) B
Nocturnal Enuresis with Enterobius vermicularis
>> At night migration of Female worm to anus and Put the egg in the peri-anal skin ... on its way it causes irritation of urethra and Enuresis .
22) c
Trichuris trichiura has no migration phase
23) C
๐๐ปAdult female of Strongyloides stercoralis Oviposits " not Larviperious "
๐๐ป facaltative Parasite can live either free or parasitic
๐๐ป can change to adult in the lung
24) A
Strongyloides stercoralis we can only find larva in stool
25) D
Each of T.solium , H.nana , Enterobius vermicularis can cause Autoinfection
#ุทููููุงุช
Surgical notes
Photo
๐26 _ (C)
diagnosis of oxuriasis or enrobiasis by
1_ adult worm in stool
2_ NIH swap
3_ scotch adhesive swap
diagnosis of ancylostomiasis
by
1_ concentration method or Kato smear (for eggs )
2_ anemia
3_ clinical
diagnosis of strongyloides
by
1_ rhabditiform larva in stools
2_ esinophilia
3_ larva in sputum
4_ Elisa and ifat
diagnosis of ascaris
1_ clinical cough and dyspnea
2_ esinophilia
3_ X Ray
4_ eggs in stool or larva in sputum
๐27_ (D)
rectal prolapse is a complication of Trichuriasis as a result of oedema of the rectum produced by the number of Trichuris trichuria worms embedded in the Rea
๐28(B) ู ูุฑุฑุฑ
๐29_(B)
loefler's syndrome is local inflammatory reaction around the larva of the ascaris and also of Ancylstoma dudenalae in the lung manifested by dry cough ,long grade fever , dyspnea , esinophilia
also the sputum contain Charcot leyden crystals
๐30_(A)
paragonimus westermani is lung fluck is not associated with anemia
๐31_ (ู ุญุฐูู )
๐32_(ู ุญุฐูู )
๐33_(B) ู ูุฑุฑ
๐34_(D) ุงููู ูุนูููู ุนูู ุงุงูุงุฏููุฉุ ๐คฏูุฌุฑุนุงุชูุง
๐35_ู ุญุฐูู
๐36_ู ุญุฐูู
๐37_(B)
peruritis Ani is caused by Enterobius vermicularis ( oxyuria ) adult female during it's protrude through the anal canal to put it's eggs in anal and Peri anal region mostly in children and especially at night
#ุทููููุงุช
diagnosis of oxuriasis or enrobiasis by
1_ adult worm in stool
2_ NIH swap
3_ scotch adhesive swap
diagnosis of ancylostomiasis
by
1_ concentration method or Kato smear (for eggs )
2_ anemia
3_ clinical
diagnosis of strongyloides
by
1_ rhabditiform larva in stools
2_ esinophilia
3_ larva in sputum
4_ Elisa and ifat
diagnosis of ascaris
1_ clinical cough and dyspnea
2_ esinophilia
3_ X Ray
4_ eggs in stool or larva in sputum
๐27_ (D)
rectal prolapse is a complication of Trichuriasis as a result of oedema of the rectum produced by the number of Trichuris trichuria worms embedded in the Rea
๐28(B) ู ูุฑุฑุฑ
๐29_(B)
loefler's syndrome is local inflammatory reaction around the larva of the ascaris and also of Ancylstoma dudenalae in the lung manifested by dry cough ,long grade fever , dyspnea , esinophilia
also the sputum contain Charcot leyden crystals
๐30_(A)
paragonimus westermani is lung fluck is not associated with anemia
๐31_ (ู ุญุฐูู )
๐32_(ู ุญุฐูู )
๐33_(B) ู ูุฑุฑ
๐34_(D) ุงููู ูุนูููู ุนูู ุงุงูุงุฏููุฉุ ๐คฏูุฌุฑุนุงุชูุง
๐35_ู ุญุฐูู
๐36_ู ุญุฐูู
๐37_(B)
peruritis Ani is caused by Enterobius vermicularis ( oxyuria ) adult female during it's protrude through the anal canal to put it's eggs in anal and Peri anal region mostly in children and especially at night
#ุทููููุงุช
Surgical notes
Photo
1) A ู
ูุฑุฑ
2) b
๐In mosquito ... there is the sexuall stage ( Difinitive Host)and called Sporogony .. only
In the man : Gametogony , Pre- / Erythrocytic Shizogony ( Asexuall)
3) B
๐Infective stage of Leishmania is Promastigoite ... then engulfed by Macrophage and Turn to amastigoite which attributed in Leishmanioma
4) A
๐Radical treatment Primaquine ( 8- Amino-quinoline
5) a
๐Giardia Lamblia is associated with Diarrhea not Dysentery
6) Blood smear
๐Intestinal amoebiasis has no esionphilla nor Blood manifestations
๐Diagnosis:- Direct antigen ( Coproantigens )
๐Extra - Intestinal amoebiasis may be diagnosed through Blood Smear
7) c ( ู ูุฑุฑ)
8) b ^^^^
9) d ( ู ูุฑุฑ )
10) b ( ู ูุฑุฑ)
11) a ( ู ูุฑุฑ)
12) b ( ู ูุฑุฑ)
13) c ( ู ูุฑุฑ)
#ุทููููุงุช
2) b
๐In mosquito ... there is the sexuall stage ( Difinitive Host)and called Sporogony .. only
In the man : Gametogony , Pre- / Erythrocytic Shizogony ( Asexuall)
3) B
๐Infective stage of Leishmania is Promastigoite ... then engulfed by Macrophage and Turn to amastigoite which attributed in Leishmanioma
4) A
๐Radical treatment Primaquine ( 8- Amino-quinoline
5) a
๐Giardia Lamblia is associated with Diarrhea not Dysentery
6) Blood smear
๐Intestinal amoebiasis has no esionphilla nor Blood manifestations
๐Diagnosis:- Direct antigen ( Coproantigens )
๐Extra - Intestinal amoebiasis may be diagnosed through Blood Smear
7) c ( ู ูุฑุฑ)
8) b ^^^^
9) d ( ู ูุฑุฑ )
10) b ( ู ูุฑุฑ)
11) a ( ู ูุฑุฑ)
12) b ( ู ูุฑุฑ)
13) c ( ู ูุฑุฑ)
#ุทููููุงุช
Surgical notes
Photo
๐น14_ (D)
congenital and acute toxoplasmosis must be treated
chronic toxoplasmosis requires no treatment
1_ combination of pyrimethamine (daraprim) and trisulfapyrimidines
2_ spiramycin
mode of infection by toxablas
diagnosis of toxoplasmosis
labratoray
1_frenkel test (toxoplasmin I. D test )
2_ Sabin_ fedlman's test
X Ray for reveals cerebral calcification
๐น15_(A) ู ูุฑุฑ
๐น16_( B)
๐น17_(A)
common with S. japonicum
less common with S. mansoni
rarely with S. haematopium
๐น18_ (A)
diecioues means has two separate sexes
monoecious means has non separate sexes
๐น19_ (B)
adult worm of Enterobius vermicularis usually detected in stool but not the eggs
๐น20_ (c)
๐น21_ (B) ู ูุฑุฑ
๐น22_ (D)
all the following worms has migratory phase in lung
1_strongyloides stercoralis๐
dwarf thread worm
2_ancylostoma dudenalae ๐
hook worm
3_ ascaris lumbricoids๐gaint cylindrical worm
4_ necator Americans worm
exept Enterobius vermicularis ๐seat worm
๐น23_ (B) ู ูุฑุฑ
larviparous โ
ooviposuts โ
๐น24_ (A) ู ูุฑุฑ
๐น25_ (c)
๐น26_(C)ู ูุฑุฑ
#ุทููููุงุช
congenital and acute toxoplasmosis must be treated
chronic toxoplasmosis requires no treatment
1_ combination of pyrimethamine (daraprim) and trisulfapyrimidines
2_ spiramycin
mode of infection by toxablas
diagnosis of toxoplasmosis
labratoray
1_frenkel test (toxoplasmin I. D test )
2_ Sabin_ fedlman's test
X Ray for reveals cerebral calcification
๐น15_(A) ู ูุฑุฑ
๐น16_( B)
๐น17_(A)
common with S. japonicum
less common with S. mansoni
rarely with S. haematopium
๐น18_ (A)
diecioues means has two separate sexes
monoecious means has non separate sexes
๐น19_ (B)
adult worm of Enterobius vermicularis usually detected in stool but not the eggs
๐น20_ (c)
๐น21_ (B) ู ูุฑุฑ
๐น22_ (D)
all the following worms has migratory phase in lung
1_strongyloides stercoralis๐
dwarf thread worm
2_ancylostoma dudenalae ๐
hook worm
3_ ascaris lumbricoids๐gaint cylindrical worm
4_ necator Americans worm
exept Enterobius vermicularis ๐seat worm
๐น23_ (B) ู ูุฑุฑ
larviparous โ
ooviposuts โ
๐น24_ (A) ู ูุฑุฑ
๐น25_ (c)
๐น26_(C)ู ูุฑุฑ
#ุทููููุงุช
Surgical notes
Photo
๐ Rectal Prolapse:- ( D)
With Trichuris trichiura
๐ pathogenic Activity of Entamoeba histolytica Except :- B
๐๐ป Dependence on resistance of the host
๐๐ป Condition of the Intestinal tract
๐๐ป The virulance and invasevness
๐๐ป facilitated by CHO diet , phsical and Chemical injury
๐ Loeffler Syndrome : B
( ู ูุฑุฑ ) >>
Inflammatory/ allergic reaction due to Larva not Adult
๐ no anemia with Pargaonimus
๐๐ป Schistosoma , Trichuris , hook worm ( microcytic hypochromic )
๐๐ป D. Latum ( Macroctic Hyperchromic )
๐๐ป Malaria ( Heamolytic )
๐๐ป Leishmania Denovani ( Hypoplastic )
๐ the Determined factor
Answer is " C "
๐๐ป bacteria flora
๐๐ป physiological status
๐๐ป Acidity Lowered to PH ( 5-7) โ๏ธ
Normal PH ( 3.8- 4.4) โ๏ธ
๐ ( b) Routine Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis is Serology
๐ none of Above
๐ู ุด ุนูููุง
๐ ู ุด ุนูููุง
๐ 37 ( B )
ู ูุฑุฑ
๐38 ( C)
Anclyostoma duodenale leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia due to Blood Lose >>> Iron deficiency
#ุทููููุงุช
With Trichuris trichiura
๐ pathogenic Activity of Entamoeba histolytica Except :- B
๐๐ป Dependence on resistance of the host
๐๐ป Condition of the Intestinal tract
๐๐ป The virulance and invasevness
๐๐ป facilitated by CHO diet , phsical and Chemical injury
๐ Loeffler Syndrome : B
( ู ูุฑุฑ ) >>
Inflammatory/ allergic reaction due to Larva not Adult
๐ no anemia with Pargaonimus
๐๐ป Schistosoma , Trichuris , hook worm ( microcytic hypochromic )
๐๐ป D. Latum ( Macroctic Hyperchromic )
๐๐ป Malaria ( Heamolytic )
๐๐ป Leishmania Denovani ( Hypoplastic )
๐ the Determined factor
Answer is " C "
๐๐ป bacteria flora
๐๐ป physiological status
๐๐ป Acidity Lowered to PH ( 5-7) โ๏ธ
Normal PH ( 3.8- 4.4) โ๏ธ
๐ ( b) Routine Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis is Serology
๐ none of Above
๐ู ุด ุนูููุง
๐ ู ุด ุนูููุง
๐ 37 ( B )
ู ูุฑุฑ
๐38 ( C)
Anclyostoma duodenale leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia due to Blood Lose >>> Iron deficiency
#ุทููููุงุช
Surgical notes
Photo
โ๏ธ39_ู
ุญุฐูู
โ๏ธ40_ C
intestinal stage of hook worms manifested by
1_ pica ๐means haptiual ingestion of non food substances as soil
physical and mental retardation
gastrointestinal manifestations
hypoproteinemia
anemia (hypochromic hypocytic )
โ๏ธ41_ A ู ูุฑุฑ
โ๏ธ42_ู ุญุฐูู
โ๏ธ43_(c)
โ๏ธ44_D
45_c ู ูุฑุฑ
46_ b ู ูุฑุฑ
47_ a ู ูุฑุฑ
48_c
49_a ู ูุฑุฑ
50_c
#ุทููููุงุช
โ๏ธ40_ C
intestinal stage of hook worms manifested by
1_ pica ๐means haptiual ingestion of non food substances as soil
physical and mental retardation
gastrointestinal manifestations
hypoproteinemia
anemia (hypochromic hypocytic )
โ๏ธ41_ A ู ูุฑุฑ
โ๏ธ42_ู ุญุฐูู
โ๏ธ43_(c)
โ๏ธ44_D
45_c ู ูุฑุฑ
46_ b ู ูุฑุฑ
47_ a ู ูุฑุฑ
48_c
49_a ู ูุฑุฑ
50_c
#ุทููููุงุช
the longest tape worm is the diphyllobotherium latum
the largest tape worm is the
Taenia saginata
the smallest tape worm is the
Echinoccocus granulosus
#ุชุฌู ูุนุงุช_ุณูุณุชูุฏุง
#ุทููููุงุช
the largest tape worm is the
Taenia saginata
the smallest tape worm is the
Echinoccocus granulosus
#ุชุฌู ูุนุงุช_ุณูุณุชูุฏุง
#ุทููููุงุช
Deleted Account
๐ด๐ดู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุจุณูุทุฉ ุชุญูู ุงูู
ู
ุง ุชู
ุฐูุฑู ุจุงูู
ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงูุซุงููู ููุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ุงู
ุฉ ุงููุทูู : ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู
ููุฌูุฉ ุงูุจุญุซ ุงููุฏู ู
ูู ูู ุงูุชุนุฑู ุนูู ููุน ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงูู
ุฎุชุงุฑุฉ ...ุงููุฆุฉ ุงูู
ุณุชูุฏูุฉ ูู
ูู ุญุฌู
ุงูุนููุฉ ููู ู
ุตุทูุญุงุช ู
ุทููุจ ุงูู ูููู
ูุง ูุจู ุงูุดุฑุญ Retrospective ูุนูู ุงูู ูุฑูุญ ููุงุฑุดูู ููุฏุฑุณโฆ
ููุง ุชูุฎูุต ู
ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงูุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ุงู
ุฉ ุงููุทูู ุงูุซุงููุฉ โค๏ธ
ุดูุฑุง ุงููุงุฑ
ุดูุฑุง ุงููุงุฑ
Forwarded from Deleted Account
๐ด๐ดู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุจุณูุทุฉ ุชุญูู ุงูู
ู
ุง ุชู
ุฐูุฑู ุจุงูู
ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงูุซุงููู ููุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ุงู
ุฉ ุงููุทูู :
ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู ููุฌูุฉ ุงูุจุญุซ ุงููุฏู ู ูู ูู ุงูุชุนุฑู ุนูู
ููุน ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงูู ุฎุชุงุฑุฉ ...ุงููุฆุฉ ุงูู ุณุชูุฏูุฉ ูู ูู ุญุฌู ุงูุนููุฉ
ููู ู ุตุทูุญุงุช ู ุทููุจ ุงูู ูููู ูุง ูุจู ุงูุดุฑุญ
Retrospective
ูุนูู ุงูู ูุฑูุญ ููุงุฑุดูู ููุฏุฑุณ ุงูุชูุงุฑูุฑ ุงูุณุงุจูู ูุงูุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ููู ูุถูุน ุงูู ูุจุญุซ ุนูู ุงููุฏ ุงููุฏู ุงูู ูุงุฑูุฉ
Antrospective
ุงูู ูุฏุฑุณ ุนู ุดุฆ ู ุณุชูุจูู ููุชุงุจุนู ุจุดูู ู ุณุชู ุฑ ูุจูู ุฑ ุจุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ูุซูุฑุฉ ุชู ุดู ุนูู ูุฐุง ุงูุงุชุฌุงู ู ุซู cohort ู ุซูุง
ุงูุงู ููุณู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ูููุนูู
1-interventional
Include experimental studies
2-non-interventional
Means observational
A-descriptive
B-analytic
ุญุณุจ ุชูุณูู ุงูุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ุจุงูู ุญุงุถุฑุฉ
ููู ูู ู ูุฒู ุชูุง ูู ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงุฎุฑู ูุณู ููุง
ุงูู ุงููุง ูุตููู ุชููุณู ูุงุณุชุทูุงุนูู ....ูุตููู ..ุซู ุชุญููููุฉ
ูุงูุชุฑุชูุจ ู ูู ูุงูู ุงูุงููู ุจูุชู ูููุง ุงุฎุฐ ู ุนููู ุงุช ุงูููุฉ ูุงูุซุงููุฉ ููุตู ุงูู ุนููู ุงุช ุงูู ุญุตููุง ุนูููุง ูุงูุงุฎูุฑุฉ ุชูุตูู ูุชุญููู ุงูู ุนุทูุงุช ูุฑุจุทูุง ุจุงููุชุงุฆุฌ ูุงุณุชูุชุงุฌ ุนุงู ู ุฎุทูุฑุฉ ู ู ุงุฌู ุญู ุงูู ุดููุฉ
ููุชูุถูุญ ุงูุซุฑ
1-non- interventional or observational
ููุง ูุง ูุชู ุงูุชุฏุฎู ููุงุฆูุง
1-exploratory
ุชุนูู ุงูู ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูู ูุถูุน ู ุนููู ุงุชู ููููู ุจุงูุงุตุญ ุญุงูู ุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ูุนูู ุงูู ูุธุฑุฉ ุงูููุฉ ููู ูุถูุน ูุชุชู ูุฒ ุงูู short duration ููุจุฏุง ุจู ูุจู ูู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ูุงุญูุงูุง ูุฏ ูุณุชุฎุฏู ุทุงุจุน ุงูู ูุงุฑูุฉ ูููุง
ู ู ุถู ููุง ู ุงูุณู ู triangulation ูุนูู ูุฏุฑุณ ุงูุญุงูุฉ ู ู ุนุฏุฉ ุฒูุงูุง
ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู ุซุงู ูุจุญุซ ุนู ุชุฏูู ู ุณุชูู ุงูุชุนููู ูุงุณุจุงุจู ูุณุงู ููู ุงูู ุนูู ูู ููุณุงู ุงูุทูุงุจ ููุญุตู ุนูู ู ุนููู ุงุช ู ู different independent sourced ููุณู ูู cross-checked
ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู ููุฌูุฉ ุงูุจุญุซ ุงููุฏู ู ูู ูู ุงูุชุนุฑู ุนูู
ููุน ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงูู ุฎุชุงุฑุฉ ...ุงููุฆุฉ ุงูู ุณุชูุฏูุฉ ูู ูู ุญุฌู ุงูุนููุฉ
ููู ู ุตุทูุญุงุช ู ุทููุจ ุงูู ูููู ูุง ูุจู ุงูุดุฑุญ
Retrospective
ูุนูู ุงูู ูุฑูุญ ููุงุฑุดูู ููุฏุฑุณ ุงูุชูุงุฑูุฑ ุงูุณุงุจูู ูุงูุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ููู ูุถูุน ุงูู ูุจุญุซ ุนูู ุงููุฏ ุงููุฏู ุงูู ูุงุฑูุฉ
Antrospective
ุงูู ูุฏุฑุณ ุนู ุดุฆ ู ุณุชูุจูู ููุชุงุจุนู ุจุดูู ู ุณุชู ุฑ ูุจูู ุฑ ุจุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ูุซูุฑุฉ ุชู ุดู ุนูู ูุฐุง ุงูุงุชุฌุงู ู ุซู cohort ู ุซูุง
ุงูุงู ููุณู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ูููุนูู
1-interventional
Include experimental studies
2-non-interventional
Means observational
A-descriptive
B-analytic
ุญุณุจ ุชูุณูู ุงูุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ุจุงูู ุญุงุถุฑุฉ
ููู ูู ู ูุฒู ุชูุง ูู ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงุฎุฑู ูุณู ููุง
ุงูู ุงููุง ูุตููู ุชููุณู ูุงุณุชุทูุงุนูู ....ูุตููู ..ุซู ุชุญููููุฉ
ูุงูุชุฑุชูุจ ู ูู ูุงูู ุงูุงููู ุจูุชู ูููุง ุงุฎุฐ ู ุนููู ุงุช ุงูููุฉ ูุงูุซุงููุฉ ููุตู ุงูู ุนููู ุงุช ุงูู ุญุตููุง ุนูููุง ูุงูุงุฎูุฑุฉ ุชูุตูู ูุชุญููู ุงูู ุนุทูุงุช ูุฑุจุทูุง ุจุงููุชุงุฆุฌ ูุงุณุชูุชุงุฌ ุนุงู ู ุฎุทูุฑุฉ ู ู ุงุฌู ุญู ุงูู ุดููุฉ
ููุชูุถูุญ ุงูุซุฑ
1-non- interventional or observational
ููุง ูุง ูุชู ุงูุชุฏุฎู ููุงุฆูุง
1-exploratory
ุชุนูู ุงูู ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูู ูุถูุน ู ุนููู ุงุชู ููููู ุจุงูุงุตุญ ุญุงูู ุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ูุนูู ุงูู ูุธุฑุฉ ุงูููุฉ ููู ูุถูุน ูุชุชู ูุฒ ุงูู short duration ููุจุฏุง ุจู ูุจู ูู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ูุงุญูุงูุง ูุฏ ูุณุชุฎุฏู ุทุงุจุน ุงูู ูุงุฑูุฉ ูููุง
ู ู ุถู ููุง ู ุงูุณู ู triangulation ูุนูู ูุฏุฑุณ ุงูุญุงูุฉ ู ู ุนุฏุฉ ุฒูุงูุง
ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู ุซุงู ูุจุญุซ ุนู ุชุฏูู ู ุณุชูู ุงูุชุนููู ูุงุณุจุงุจู ูุณุงู ููู ุงูู ุนูู ูู ููุณุงู ุงูุทูุงุจ ููุญุตู ุนูู ู ุนููู ุงุช ู ู different independent sourced ููุณู ูู cross-checked
Forwarded from Deleted Account
ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงูุซุงููุฉ
ุงููุตููุฉ ูุชุณุจู ุงูุชุญููููุฉ
It is systematic collection and presentation of data to give clear picture of situation
ุชููุณู ููุณู ูู
Case study :
ูุนูู ูุชุนุฑู ุนูู ู ุนููู ุงุช ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุฌูุฉ ุณูุงุก ูุงููุง ุงู ุฑุงุถ ุงู ู ุคุณุณุงุช ุงู ุฎุฏู ุงุช ...ุงูุฎ .ุชุนุฑู ุงููุง small scale ุนูู ูุทุงู ุถูู
Common in social science and first step to clinical picture
ููู ูู ูุงูุช large scale ุจุชุชุญูู ุงูู cross- section
ุบุงูุจุง ูู ุชุถู ู ูู ุงูุณูุงู ุจูุชุญูู ุงุณู ู ู ู cross section surveys to....census ูุจูููู ุฎุงุต ุจูุชุฑุฉ ุฒู ููุฉ ู ุนููุฉ ุงูู ูู ูููุฉ ุงูุงุณูุงุฏ ุงูุฒู ูู ุฒู ู ุง ุฏุฑุณูุง ุจุงูุฏูู ูุบุฑุงูู
ูููุบุงูุจุง ุฒู ู ุงุดุฑุญุช ุงูุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ุจูุฏุณู ุจุนุฏุฉ ูุชุฑุงุช ู ุงุถูู ูุญุงุถุฑุฉ ูู ุณุชูุจู ูุนูู ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู ูุทุนูุฉ ูุงุฒู ุงู ู ุฎุชููุฉ
ูู ุญุงูุฉ ูุงู ุนุฏุฏุงูุนููุฉ ูููู ุจูููู ู ุนูุฏ ูุงูู ู ุงุจูุนุทูุง ุตูุฑุฉ ูุงู ูุฉ ุนู ุงูุญุงูุงุช ูุฑุจู ุง ูุงู ุงูุชุดุงุฑ ุงูุญุงูุฉ ูุงุฏุฑ ููุฑุจุทูุง ุจูุงุนุฏุฉ ....ุงูู ุงูุชุดุงุฑ ุงูู ุฑุถ ูุชูุงุณุจ ุนูุณูุง ู ุน ุญุฌู ุงูุนููุฉ ููู ุง ููู ุนูุฏู ู ุฑุถ ูุธูุฑ ุจุตูุฑุฉ ูุงุฏุฑุฉ ุงูู ูุฑูุถ ุงูู ุงูุจุฑ ุงูุนููุฉ ุนุดุงู ุงุญุตู ุนูู ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุงูุฏุฑ ุงุฏุฑุณ ุนุงู ู ุงูุฎุทูุฑุฉ ูุงุญุฏุฏ ุงูุณุจุจ ูุงุญู ุงูู ุดููุฉ ..ุตุญ ุ๐
ุงููุตููุฉ ูุชุณุจู ุงูุชุญููููุฉ
It is systematic collection and presentation of data to give clear picture of situation
ุชููุณู ููุณู ูู
Case study :
ูุนูู ูุชุนุฑู ุนูู ู ุนููู ุงุช ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุฌูุฉ ุณูุงุก ูุงููุง ุงู ุฑุงุถ ุงู ู ุคุณุณุงุช ุงู ุฎุฏู ุงุช ...ุงูุฎ .ุชุนุฑู ุงููุง small scale ุนูู ูุทุงู ุถูู
Common in social science and first step to clinical picture
ููู ูู ูุงูุช large scale ุจุชุชุญูู ุงูู cross- section
ุบุงูุจุง ูู ุชุถู ู ูู ุงูุณูุงู ุจูุชุญูู ุงุณู ู ู ู cross section surveys to....census ูุจูููู ุฎุงุต ุจูุชุฑุฉ ุฒู ููุฉ ู ุนููุฉ ุงูู ูู ูููุฉ ุงูุงุณูุงุฏ ุงูุฒู ูู ุฒู ู ุง ุฏุฑุณูุง ุจุงูุฏูู ูุบุฑุงูู
ูููุบุงูุจุง ุฒู ู ุงุดุฑุญุช ุงูุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ุจูุฏุณู ุจุนุฏุฉ ูุชุฑุงุช ู ุงุถูู ูุญุงุถุฑุฉ ูู ุณุชูุจู ูุนูู ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู ูุทุนูุฉ ูุงุฒู ุงู ู ุฎุชููุฉ
ูู ุญุงูุฉ ูุงู ุนุฏุฏุงูุนููุฉ ูููู ุจูููู ู ุนูุฏ ูุงูู ู ุงุจูุนุทูุง ุตูุฑุฉ ูุงู ูุฉ ุนู ุงูุญุงูุงุช ูุฑุจู ุง ูุงู ุงูุชุดุงุฑ ุงูุญุงูุฉ ูุงุฏุฑ ููุฑุจุทูุง ุจูุงุนุฏุฉ ....ุงูู ุงูุชุดุงุฑ ุงูู ุฑุถ ูุชูุงุณุจ ุนูุณูุง ู ุน ุญุฌู ุงูุนููุฉ ููู ุง ููู ุนูุฏู ู ุฑุถ ูุธูุฑ ุจุตูุฑุฉ ูุงุฏุฑุฉ ุงูู ูุฑูุถ ุงูู ุงูุจุฑ ุงูุนููุฉ ุนุดุงู ุงุญุตู ุนูู ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุงูุฏุฑ ุงุฏุฑุณ ุนุงู ู ุงูุฎุทูุฑุฉ ูุงุญุฏุฏ ุงูุณุจุจ ูุงุญู ุงูู ุดููุฉ ..ุตุญ ุ๐
Forwarded from Deleted Account
ุทุจุนุง ุญุณุจ ู
ุง ุดุฑุญุช ุงูุฏูุชูุฑุฉ ููุณูู ุงูุณุงุจูู ุงูู ุชููุณู
ุงููุตููุฉ ุงูู :ุงุณุชุทูุงุนูุฉ ...ุนุงุฏูุฉ ...case study ุงุญูุง ูุณู
ุชูุง ุจุดูู ุงุฎุฑ ู
ุซู ูููู
Forwarded from Deleted Account
ุซุงูุซุง : ุงูุชุญููููุฉ
ุงููุง case study
ุงูู ูุญุตู ุนูู ุนุงู ู ู ุณุจุจ ูู ุฑุถ ู ุนูู ููู ุดุงููู ููู ููุงุฎุฐ ู ุฌู ูุนุชูู ูุงุญุฏุฉ ุชุชุนุฑุถ ููุนุงู ู ุงูู ุดููู ููู ูุงุฎุฑู ูุง ููููู ู ุซูู ุง ูุงูุช ุจู ูุฒู ุชูุง ุญุงูุงุช diarrhea ุนูุฏ ูุงุณ ูุฏููู ู ุตุฏุฑูู ู ู ุงูู ุงุก ุซู ูุญูู ูููุตู
ุงู ูุงู ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุงุตุงุจุฉ ุนูุฏ ุงูู ุตุฏุฑ aุงูู ู ุดููู ุจู ู ู ุงูุงุณุงุณ ูุนูู ุงููindependent variableููdependent ุงูู ูู diarrhea
ูุณูุช ู ุง ุงุฐูุฑ ู ุตุทูุญ
confounding factor
ุชุนูู ุงูุนูุงู ู ุงูู ุดูุดุฉ
ูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ูููุงู ุงูู ุตุฏุฑ ุงูู ุงุฆู b ูู ุงูุณุจุจ ุจุญุฏูุซ ุงูุงุณูุงู ุงูุซุฑ ู ู ุงูุนุงู ู aุงูู ุดููู ุจู ูุนูู ููุบู ู ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุงูุนุงู ู ููุจุญุซ ุนู ุนุงู ู ุงุฎุฑ ู ู ุงูุนูุงู ู ุงูู ุดูุดุฉ
ุงูู ูู ุจูุฐู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงูู ุงุญูุงูุง ูููู ุตุนุจ ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ู ุฌู ูุนุชูู ุชุดุจู ุจุนุถูุง ูู ุงูุฎุตุงุฆุต ูู ู ุนููุจู ุงูุถุง ุงููุง ุบูุฑ ุฏูููุฉ
ุงูู ุจุนุฏูุงูู cross section
ุงูุด ุงู ุซูุชูุง ุงูู ู ุซูุง ูุฏุฑุณ
socioeconomic factors
Knowledge attitude thinking opinion and its associated behavior of people
ุจููุณ ุงูุดุฑุญ ุงูุณุงุจู ...
ุงุฎุฑ ุดู cohort study
ุงูู ู ู ูุงู ุจู ูู Hill and Dollููุฑุชูุง ุงูู ุงูุช ุชุฏุฑุณ ู ุฌู ูุนุชูู
Study group ุงูู ูุชุนุฑุถ ููุนุงู ู
Comparison group ุงูู ู ุง ูุชุนุฑุถ ูู ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู ุซุงู
ู ุฏู ุชุงุซูุฑ ุงูุชุฏุฎูู ุนูู ุงู ุฑุงุถ ุงูููุจ
ู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ู ุฏุฎููู ูู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ุบูุฑ ุงูู ุฏุฎููู
ุชุชู ุนุจุฑ ุงุดุฑุงู ุทุจูุจ ูุฑุงูุจ ุงูุญุงูุงุช ููุนู ู monitoring ููู ูู ูุชุฑุฉ ุฑุจู ุง ูู ุงุณุจูุนูู ุจูุญูุตุงุช ูุงุฏูุงุช ุงูููุงุณ ููุชูุตุจ ููุชูุฌุฉ ู ุนููุฉ ูุนูู ููุฑุชูุง ูุดุฑู ุนูู ุชุญูู ุงูุฎุทุฑ ูุจู ู ุง ูุญุฏุซ ุงูู ุฑุถ ุงูู ุงู ูุญุฏุซ
ู ุฒุงูุงูุง ุงูู ุฏูููุฉ ุฌุฏุง ููู ุทุจููุงูุง ู ุง ูุญุชุงุฌ ูุฑูุญ ููู ุจุนุฏูุง ููู ุงูุชุฌุฑูุจูุฉ experimental ูู ุง ูููููุง
It gives the accurate causative factor
ููู ุนููุจู ูุจูุฑุฉ ููู ุงูู
ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุชูููุฉ ...ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุณููู ...ู ู ุดุฑูุทู ุงูู ุชูุชุจ ูู ู ุฑูุถ ุถู ู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ููุฐุง ุตุนุจ ุจุณุจุจ population movement
ุงููุง case study
ุงูู ูุญุตู ุนูู ุนุงู ู ู ุณุจุจ ูู ุฑุถ ู ุนูู ููู ุดุงููู ููู ููุงุฎุฐ ู ุฌู ูุนุชูู ูุงุญุฏุฉ ุชุชุนุฑุถ ููุนุงู ู ุงูู ุดููู ููู ูุงุฎุฑู ูุง ููููู ู ุซูู ุง ูุงูุช ุจู ูุฒู ุชูุง ุญุงูุงุช diarrhea ุนูุฏ ูุงุณ ูุฏููู ู ุตุฏุฑูู ู ู ุงูู ุงุก ุซู ูุญูู ูููุตู
ุงู ูุงู ูุณุจุฉ ุงูุงุตุงุจุฉ ุนูุฏ ุงูู ุตุฏุฑ aุงูู ู ุดููู ุจู ู ู ุงูุงุณุงุณ ูุนูู ุงููindependent variableููdependent ุงูู ูู diarrhea
ูุณูุช ู ุง ุงุฐูุฑ ู ุตุทูุญ
confounding factor
ุชุนูู ุงูุนูุงู ู ุงูู ุดูุดุฉ
ูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ูููุงู ุงูู ุตุฏุฑ ุงูู ุงุฆู b ูู ุงูุณุจุจ ุจุญุฏูุซ ุงูุงุณูุงู ุงูุซุฑ ู ู ุงูุนุงู ู aุงูู ุดููู ุจู ูุนูู ููุบู ู ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุงูุนุงู ู ููุจุญุซ ุนู ุนุงู ู ุงุฎุฑ ู ู ุงูุนูุงู ู ุงูู ุดูุดุฉ
ุงูู ูู ุจูุฐู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงูู ุงุญูุงูุง ูููู ุตุนุจ ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ู ุฌู ูุนุชูู ุชุดุจู ุจุนุถูุง ูู ุงูุฎุตุงุฆุต ูู ู ุนููุจู ุงูุถุง ุงููุง ุบูุฑ ุฏูููุฉ
ุงูู ุจุนุฏูุงูู cross section
ุงูุด ุงู ุซูุชูุง ุงูู ู ุซูุง ูุฏุฑุณ
socioeconomic factors
Knowledge attitude thinking opinion and its associated behavior of people
ุจููุณ ุงูุดุฑุญ ุงูุณุงุจู ...
ุงุฎุฑ ุดู cohort study
ุงูู ู ู ูุงู ุจู ูู Hill and Dollููุฑุชูุง ุงูู ุงูุช ุชุฏุฑุณ ู ุฌู ูุนุชูู
Study group ุงูู ูุชุนุฑุถ ููุนุงู ู
Comparison group ุงูู ู ุง ูุชุนุฑุถ ูู ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู ุซุงู
ู ุฏู ุชุงุซูุฑ ุงูุชุฏุฎูู ุนูู ุงู ุฑุงุถ ุงูููุจ
ู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ู ุฏุฎููู ูู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ุบูุฑ ุงูู ุฏุฎููู
ุชุชู ุนุจุฑ ุงุดุฑุงู ุทุจูุจ ูุฑุงูุจ ุงูุญุงูุงุช ููุนู ู monitoring ููู ูู ูุชุฑุฉ ุฑุจู ุง ูู ุงุณุจูุนูู ุจูุญูุตุงุช ูุงุฏูุงุช ุงูููุงุณ ููุชูุตุจ ููุชูุฌุฉ ู ุนููุฉ ูุนูู ููุฑุชูุง ูุดุฑู ุนูู ุชุญูู ุงูุฎุทุฑ ูุจู ู ุง ูุญุฏุซ ุงูู ุฑุถ ุงูู ุงู ูุญุฏุซ
ู ุฒุงูุงูุง ุงูู ุฏูููุฉ ุฌุฏุง ููู ุทุจููุงูุง ู ุง ูุญุชุงุฌ ูุฑูุญ ููู ุจุนุฏูุง ููู ุงูุชุฌุฑูุจูุฉ experimental ูู ุง ูููููุง
It gives the accurate causative factor
ููู ุนููุจู ูุจูุฑุฉ ููู ุงูู
ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุชูููุฉ ...ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุณููู ...ู ู ุดุฑูุทู ุงูู ุชูุชุจ ูู ู ุฑูุถ ุถู ู ุงูุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ููุฐุง ุตุนุจ ุจุณุจุจ population movement