🌾Hyperprolactinemia :

Increase in prolactin levels ..
⭐️causes :

💫Mostly due to Adenoma ( prolactinoma)
💫 Drugs block Dopamine at pituitary: like tranquillizer ( medicine to reduce anxiety and tension) e.x :- Haloperidol

Or maybe physiological during pregnancy and lactation or even mental stress


🌟Effects :

🌺Female:
Amenorrhea
Galactorrhea
Inhibition of ovulation

🌺Male :
Gynecomastia
Infertility
Impotence

💊 treatment:

Dopamine AGONIST ..

Like :
💊Bromocriptine
💊 Cabergoline

#فارما

🌾
Increase GH ..
*Before* the the union of epiphysis :
Gaintism
🍂Linear growth
*after* the union of epiphysis :
Acromegaly
🍂enlarged hands , feets and jaws

🌾 causes ?
Adenoma
>> pituitary adenoma >> أما كلها او ال acidophilic adenoma

💊 Treatment:
- Surgery is the first choice ..

Medical:
🍃somatostatin analogus >> Octeriotide , Lanreotide

🍃GH receptors antagonist >> pegvisomant

🍃Dopamine agonists. .>> Bromocriptine
( له تأثير مثبط الخلايا المجاورة والتي تنتج البرولاكتين فيكون له نفس التأثير )

#فارما

🌼 على الرغم من وجود ال Viral interference
.واللي عبارة عن Superinfection- resistance
بمعنى انو اذا دخل الفايرس للخلية يصير Down regulation of receptor
بالتالي تكون الخلية ماعاد تتأثر بفايرس اخر اذا كانت مصابة بالفايرس

بس فيه حالات يكون ال Patient متعرض
لل HBV & HCV في نفس الوقت ؟

مالسبب ؟

السبب انو الكبد يتكون من الالاف الخلايا
فالفايرس B يصيب خلية و الفايرس C يصيب خلية اخرى غير مصابة ..

#فيروسات
#مايكرو

🌷 There are 6 genotypes of hepatitis C virus ..

🌷 the genotype in middle-east including Arabic country : Yemen , Egypt and so on Is Genotype 4⃣

🌷 we can't develop a vaccination for Hepatitis C virus due to presence of variable Quasispecies .. which change it's antigen خيرااات

🌷The presence of Anti- HCV IgM is not useful to determine if it is acute, chronic or either cured infection ( due to Quasispecies)

🌷 We must do RT-PCR to confirm the results

🌷 Both Acute and Chronic infection present HCV DNA .. But note
🍃 Acute infection >> rised ALT
🍃 chronic infection >> fluctuating ALT

#فيروسات
#مايكرو

Paget's disease of Bone :

🍃Deformity of bone due to increase turn over as explained

🍃Causes : unknown ( Risk factors : age , sex ( male ) and family history

🍃Diagnosed: by X-rays + increased Alkaline phosphatase level

🍃 X-ray image : - can show areas of bone reabsorption, enlargement of the bone

💊 Treatment:
- Commonly use bisphosphonates like :
Alendronate, Ibandronate..etc ( ends with nate )
- second choice : calcitonin (Miacalcin)

🍃In rare cases, surgery might be required 

#فارما

Bromocriptin is a dopamin D2 receptor agonist may be used in Acromegaly, because GH is structurally similar to prolactin

Clinical uses of Bromocriptine
1)Hyperprolactinemia
2)Acreomegaly
3)* stopping of lactation
4) parkinsonian disease

الدكتور عدنان ^^

#فارما

الدكتور عدنان
#فارما

🌹 The goal of treatment of HCV:

Is No HCV RNA after using the drug by 3 mouths ...

يعني بعد ما يكمل العلاج نعيد الفحص بعد 3 اشهر ..


#فيروسات
#مايكرو

جداول حلوة للبكتيريا

#بكتيريا
#مايكرو