Bacterimic Leptospirosis
( weil's Disease )

Commonly caused by contaminated water
Associated with thrombocytopenia

Treated by
Blood transfusion, platelets transfusion ( platelet concentrate)

Deoxycyclin ( 200mg ) 1×2×7

#فارما
#بكتيريا
#infecious_disease

⚠️Cervical carcinoma can be of two types:
1- 80% of tumors in the cervix are Squamous cell carcinoma mostly in the exocervix .

2- 15% of tumors in the cervix are Adenocarcinoma mostly in the endocervix 15%.

‼️The high risk factor for both (even the Adenocarcinoma?!!) is HPV (16,18,31 &33).

❗️The CIN staging (I, II, III & carcinoma in situ) concerns Sq cell carcinoma only. The appearance of cancer takes 10-20 years, that's why the cancer appears mostly in 40-50 reproductive women..

🎦The screening of Sq cell carcinoma tumor can be done easily and with high accuracy by doing the Pap smear test, however the screening of Adenocarcinoma is kinda hard

🔆The Pap smear test is the most successful screening test developed to date.

✅It's done by scrapping the transformational zone in the cervix by a brush, then analyzing the tissue under the microscope

🔍The dysplastic changes seen are hyperchromatic nuclei and high (N/C) Ratio.

#malaria
#parasite
#باراسايت

Malaria ( Plasmodium . falciparum)
#باراسايت

🍀

🌀مضادات_حيوية
🌀معلومات_دوائية💊💉

Cephalosporins

❶st Gen (الجيل الأول)

①Cefadroxil
②Cefazolin
③Cefalexin
④Cefradine

❷nd Gen (الجيل الثاني)

①Cefaclor
②Cefotetan
③Cefuroxime
④Cefoxitin

❸rd Gen (الجيل الثالث)

①Cefixime
②Cefdinir
③Cefoperazone
④Cefotaxime
⑤Ceftazidime
⑥Ceftriaxone

❹th Gen (الجيل الرابع)

①Cefepime

❺th Gen (الجيل الخامس)

①Ceftobiprole
②Ceftaroline

#فارما

- important notes about nematoda-:
1-all nematoda show migration stage in man except
a-Enterobius vermicularis
b-Trichuris trichura

2-all intestinal nematoda are associated with eosinophilia except enterobius vermicularis

3-nematoda that cause pneumonitis or loeffler's syndrome are the migrating larvae of
a-Ascaris lumbricoides
b-Anchylostoma duodenale
c-Necator americanus
d-Strongyloides stercoralis

4-largest human pathogenic nematoda is Ascaris lumbricoides while the smallest is strongyloides stercoralis

5-infectious nematodae which may be present in the stool:
a-Enterobius vermicularis
b-strongyloides stercoralis

# parasitology

Mnemonics

1. Which generation؟

🍊• All drugs having ‘a’ after cef are 1st generation except cefactor [e.g. cefazolin,cefadroxil]
🍊Ceftaroline and ceftobiprole are
fifth generation cephalosporins
approved for treatment of com-
munity acquired pneumonia and
MRSA infections. Ceftobiprole is
also effective against MRSA and
pseudomonas.
⚡Ceftriaxone and cefoperazone
are secreted in the bile.
☄Cefazolin is the drug of choice for surgical prophylaxis.
💥Cefotetan, cefmetazole and
cefoxitin are active against
anaerobes like Bacteroides
fragilis.

#Pharma#

🍊• Drugs with ‘PI’ in the name are 4th generation (cefe PIme and cef PIrome)
🍊• Drugs with ‘ROL‘ in the name are 5th generation [CeftibipRoLe, ceftaROLine]
🍊• Drugs ending with ME except cefuroxime (CefixiME, CefpodoxiME, Ceftazi-diME, CefotaxiME, CeftizoxiME), ONE (ceftriaxONE, CefoperazONE) or TEN
(ceftibutTEN, CefdfiTorEN) are 3rd generation.
🍊• Rest of the drugs (except cefdinir and moxalactam) are 2nd generation.
2. Whether oral or Parenteral?
🍊• Drugs with OR in the name are ORal (e.g. CefaclOR, CefditORen, LORarcarbef)
🍊• Apart from these, drugs having `t’ in the name are injectable except ceftibuten
(CefoTetan, CefTazidime, CefoTaxime, CefTizoxime, CefTriaxone, moxalac-
Tam, CefTaroline, CefTobiprole)

🍋Note:
• Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are most active cephalosporins against penicillin resistant pneumo-cocci.
• No cephalosporin is active against Enterococcus fecalis, MRSA and Listeria monocytogenes.
• Ceftazidime plus aminoglycoside is the treatment of choice for pseudomonas infec-
tions.

#pharma

ACTINOMYCES ISRAELII

⭐Distinguishing Features:
_Anaerobic
_Branching rods
_Non−acid fast
_Reservoir: human; normal _flora of gingival crevices and female genitaltract.
🔥_Transmission:endogenous
🌬_Pathogenesis: invasive growth in tissues with compromised oxygensupply
🚑_Disease: actinomycosis
Generally not painful but very invasive, penetrating all tissues including
boneTissue swelling can lead to draining abscesses (sinus tracts) with “sulfur”granules (hard yellow microcolonies) in exudate that can be used for
microscopy or culture
Only in tissues with low oxygenation (Eh).
—Cervicofacial (lumpy jaw): dental trauma or poor oral hygiene
—Pelvic: from thoracic or sometimes IUDs
—Abdominal: surgery or bowel trauma
—Thoracic: aspiration with contiguous spread
—CNS: solitary brain abscess (Nocardia will produce multiple foci).
🧫Diagnosis: identify gram-positive branching bacilli in “sulfur granules”;
colonies resemble molar tooth.
💊Treatment: penicillin V and surgical drainage; metronidazole not effective.

Intestinal nematodes

Tissue Nematodes