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๐Ÿ›‘๐Ÿ›‘Hypersensitivity reaction 2
Occurs when the antibody attacks the antigen presented on cell surface or the basement mambrane

But in case of an organism >> the antigen is presented on cell surface โ—๏ธโ—๏ธ
But here it is a ๐ŸŒนprotection ๐ŸŒน.. not a type of hypersensitivity reactions ...

ุจุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ...
ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุนูŠ ู„ู‡ ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠุฉ ูˆู„ู‡ ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุณู„ุจูŠุฉ ..
ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠุฉ >> ุฏูุงุน ุนู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุถุฏ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฎ

ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณู„ุจูŠุฉ >> ุงู„ู‡ุงูŠุจุฑุณู†ุณูŠุชููŠุชูŠ ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงูุช ุฑูŠุฌูŠูƒุดู† ูˆุงู„ุงุชูˆ ุงู…ูŠูˆู† ูˆุงู„ุฎ..

ูู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ antibody ูŠุฑุชุจุท ุจุงู„ Antigen ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ cell surface ..
ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† self cell ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ RBCs ุจู‚ูˆู„ hypersensitivity
ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† invading organism ุจู‚ูˆู„ ุดูƒุฑุงุง ู‡ุฐุง protection ุดูŠ ุงู†ุง ุงุญุชุงุฌู‡

#ู…ู†ุงุนุฉ
#ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ
๐ŸŒบ ู„ูˆ ููŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฏุนุณ ู…ุณู…ุงุฑ ..
ุจูŠุนุทูˆู‡ Anti- tetanus ุŸ
ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงูŠุด ุŸ ุนู† Antibodies ู…ู† ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠ .... ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู…ุง ุชุญู‚ู†ู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุฌุณู… .. ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุงู†ุชูŠ ุจุฏูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุนุงู‡ ุงู†ุชูŠุฌูŠู† ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ูƒ foreign ู„ู„ุฌุณู… ูˆููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุชุณุจุจ ููŠ Hypersensitivity reaction type 3 ..
ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูŠุทู„ุน ู„ู‡ Antibody
ุงู„ุงู† ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุชูŠุฌูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฏุฎู„ุช ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ excess ..
ูุจุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ immune complexes ูˆุชุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุงุนุฑุงุถ ...
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฎุจุฑ ุงุณู…ู‡ serum sickness

ูˆูŠุนุชุจุฑ๐ŸŒท self limited๐ŸŒท ู„ุงู†ูˆ ุจู†ุนุทูŠู‡ single dose ูˆ ุจูŠูƒู…ู„ ุงู„ุงู†ุชูŠุฌูŠู† ุจุนุฏ ุดูˆูŠุฉ

#ู…ู†ุงุนุฉ
#ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ
๐ŸŒทุงู„ู…ุณูƒูŠู† ุฏุนุณ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ุงุฑ .. ู…ุฑุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ. ..
ุนุทูˆู‡ anti- tetanus

ุนูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏูŠ early serum sickness
Due to Early response
ู„ุงู†ูˆ ุงู„ Antibody ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุณุจู‚ุงู‹... ุจุณุจุจ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ memory cell ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุธู‡ุฑุช ู…ู† Immune reaction

ุทุจุนุง Antibody against antigen administrated with antibody of tetanus

#ู…ู†ุงุนุฉ
#ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ
๐ŸŒทู„ูŠุด ููŠ ู†ุงุณ ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… serum sicknessุŸุŸ

ู„ุงู†ูˆ ุงู„ antigen ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ ุจุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… .. ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ูŠุงุฎุฐ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุนูŠ ูˆู‚ุชู‡ ูˆุชุทู„ุน ุงู„ Antibody ..ูู…ุง ุชุทู„ุน ุงู„ุง ุจุนุฏ ู†ู‚ุตุงู† ุงู„ุงู†ุชูŠุฌูŠู† ูˆู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„ ุชุฑุงูƒู… ู„ู„ Immune complexes ... ูู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„serum sickness

#ู…ู†ุงุนุฉ
#ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ
ุงุฏู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุฑุฌุงุกุง ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ู„ู„ Short notes
ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู„ู„ู…ู„ุฎุตุงุช ^^
๐ŸŽChemotheraphy: Side Effects

๐ŸŽ–๏ธMINA

Myelosuppression (Bone Marrow Supression)

Increase Infection risk

Nausea

Alopecia
#ูุงุฑู…ุง
๐Ÿ€NSAIDS: Contraindication

๐Ÿ…BARSู‚ุถุจุงู†

Bleeding (Coagulopathy)

Asthma (10% of asthmatic patients are NSAID Sensitive )

Renal Diseases (Hypovolemia)

Stomach (Peptic Ulcer or Gastritis)

#ูุงุฑู…ุง
๐Ÿ’ Bronchial obstruction: consequences

(APPLE BABE๐ŸŽ๐Ÿ˜)

Atelectasis

Pleural adhesions

Pleuritis

Lipid pneumonia

Effusion->organisation->fibrosis

Bronchiectasis

Abscess

Broncho and lobar pneumonia

Emphysema

#ุจุงุซูˆ
#ู…ู‡ู…_ุฌุฏุง_ู„ู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ_ุนุฏู†ุงู†
______________
๐Ÿ’ˆAtrial fibrillation in hyperthyroidism:
๐Ÿ‘‰may lead to thrombosis

๐Ÿ”นTreated by warfarin & antiarrhythmic drugs.

๐ŸŒŸDiltiazem is the best treatment to patient with asthma and atrial fibrillation in case of hyperthiordism.

#ูุงุฑู…ุง
๐ŸŒนBacterial meningitis is caused by several different types of bacteria, including:
1- Streptococcus pneumoniae, also called pneumococcus.
2- Neisseria meningitidis, also called meningococcus
3-Haemophilus influenzae, also called Hib
ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุญุณู† ^^
#ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
#ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ
โ˜ Spore-forming bacteriaโ˜ 

Some bacteria such as theโœจ( Bacillus) โœจandโœจ( Clostridium)โœจ species are able to form spores.

These spores, also referred to as endospores, are the dormant form of vegetative bacteria and are highly resistant to physical and chemical influences.

ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุญุณู†^^

#ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
#ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ
Neisseria gonorrhea โœจ
Is gram-negative intra- cellular diplococcus
ุชุณุจุจ ู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ุณูŠู„ุงู† ูŠุนุชุจุฑ STDs

#ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
#ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ
Forwarded from ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุฉ โฆโœŒ๏ธโฉ (Hฤ…ล‚ฤƒ โค)
๐ŸŒนNote :

โœจGram-positive mostly cocci

โœจGram-negative mostly bacilli
( Neisseria is diplococcus)๐Ÿฅ€

ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุนู‚ูŠู„

#ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง

#ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ
Mode of action of Anti-estrogens :

๐Ÿ’Š Tamoxifen:

Block estrogen receptors in (breast)
( antagonist)
Stimulate estrogen receptors in the (endometrium ) ( agonist )

ู„ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ Breat cancer .. ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุณุจุจ ุงู„ Endometrial cancer
ู…ุน ุงู„ Hot flushes

๐Ÿ’Š Raloxifene:

- estrogenic action on bone ( agonist)

ูˆูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุงู„ osteoporosis of postmenopausal women ูˆุชู‚ู„ู„ ุงู„ risk factor of breast cancer

๐Ÿ’Š Clomiphene :

- block estrogen receptors in hypothalamus ( centrally) leading to increase production of ( FSH &LH) by inhibiting negative feedback of estrogen

ูˆูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุงู„ infertility ู„ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„ induce ovulation

#ูุงุฑู…ุง
Forwarded from ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุฉ โฆโœŒ๏ธโฉ (Abraham)
๐ŸŒพHyperprolactinemia :

Increase in prolactin levels ..
โญ๏ธcauses :

๐Ÿ’ซMostly due to Adenoma ( prolactinoma)
๐Ÿ’ซ Drugs block Dopamine at pituitary: like tranquillizer ( medicine to reduce anxiety and tension) e.x :- Haloperidol

Or maybe physiological during pregnancy and lactation or even mental stress


๐ŸŒŸEffects :

๐ŸŒบFemale:
Amenorrhea
Galactorrhea
Inhibition of ovulation

๐ŸŒบMale :
Gynecomastia
Infertility
Impotence

๐Ÿ’Š treatment:

Dopamine AGONIST ..

Like :
๐Ÿ’ŠBromocriptine
๐Ÿ’Š Cabergoline

#ูุงุฑู…ุง
๐ŸŒพ
Increase GH ..
*Before* the the union of epiphysis :
Gaintism
๐Ÿ‚Linear growth
*after* the union of epiphysis :
Acromegaly
๐Ÿ‚enlarged hands , feets and jaws

๐ŸŒพ causes ?
Adenoma
>> pituitary adenoma >> ุฃู…ุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุงูˆ ุงู„ acidophilic adenoma

๐Ÿ’Š Treatment:
- Surgery is the first choice ..

Medical:
๐Ÿƒsomatostatin analogus >> Octeriotide , Lanreotide

๐ŸƒGH receptors antagonist >> pegvisomant

๐ŸƒDopamine agonists. .>> Bromocriptine
( ู„ู‡ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ู…ุซุจุท ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆู„ุงูƒุชูŠู† ููŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ )

#ูุงุฑู…ุง
๐ŸŒผ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ Viral interference
.ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† Superinfection- resistance
ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู†ูˆ ุงุฐุง ุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ูุงูŠุฑุณ ู„ู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ูŠุตูŠุฑ Down regulation of receptor
ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุงุนุงุฏ ุชุชุฃุซุฑ ุจูุงูŠุฑุณ ุงุฎุฑ ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุตุงุจุฉ ุจุงู„ูุงูŠุฑุณ

ุจุณ ููŠู‡ ุญุงู„ุงุช ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ Patient ู…ุชุนุฑุถ
ู„ู„ HBV & HCV ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุŸ

ู…ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุŸ

ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู†ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู„ุงู ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง
ูุงู„ูุงูŠุฑุณ B ูŠุตูŠุจ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ูุงูŠุฑุณ C ูŠุตูŠุจ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุตุงุจุฉ ..

#ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช
#ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ
๐ŸŒท There are 6 genotypes of hepatitis C virus ..

๐ŸŒท the genotype in middle-east including Arabic country : Yemen , Egypt and so on Is Genotype 4โƒฃ

๐ŸŒท we can't develop a vaccination for Hepatitis C virus due to presence of variable Quasispecies .. which change it's antigen ุฎูŠุฑุงุงุงุช

๐ŸŒทThe presence of Anti- HCV IgM is not useful to determine if it is acute, chronic or either cured infection ( due to Quasispecies)

๐ŸŒท We must do RT-PCR to confirm the results

๐ŸŒท Both Acute and Chronic infection present HCV DNA .. But note
๐Ÿƒ Acute infection >> rised ALT
๐Ÿƒ chronic infection >> fluctuating ALT

#ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช
#ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ