ما هو المضاد الحيوي المناسب لكل نوع من البكتيريا ؟
هذا الجدول الفخم يوضح لكل الاجابة .

اللي لخصته اليوم بعمل الباثو :
قال الدكتور بأي system ضروري ناخذ الbasic حقه
اي system يحتوي على أربعة أنواع من الأمراض:
1_congenital anomalies(تشوهات )
2_inflammation (immune or infectious )
3_specific disease
4_Tumer
وفي الجراحة نضيف trauma

لماذا يعتبر vascular system اهم system ؟؟
لان 50% من الوفيات سببها complications of atherosclerosis

*basic anatomy :
Aorta>large artery >medium artery >small artery > arteriol > capillary <venule >small vein >medium vein >large vein
*histology : Blood vessels consist from three layer :
1_intima (endothelium , subendothelium ) integrity of intima is important for integrity of Blood vessels
2_media (smooth muscle )
3_adventitia (nerve , blood vessel)
اللي يحدد size of artery هو thickness of media حتى تختفي media , adventitia في capillary

*physiology:
Normal function of vascular system is transporting of Blood (nutrient, oxygen and removal of Waste products )
لايغادر blood من vessel ولكن يحصل له filtration

Diseases:
"Congenital anomalies "
1_Arterioveinus (AV malformation ):تتكون كتلة interconnected mixed....
المريض ليس له أعراض ،،،،، يكتشفوا في lung حاجه بيضاء وهي ليست tumer
2_ AV shunt or fistula :direct connection between artery and vein
وهذه قد تكون congenital أو تكون acquired بسبب trauma وقد تكون therapeutic لغرض علاجي مثل hemodialysis
3_ perianeurysm; abnormal dilatation of Blood vessels
وهذا يصيب cycle of Willis ممكن يحصل له accidental rupture >sudden haemorrhage <sudden death
يمكن يكون اكتشافه accidentally
يمكن يكون acquired بسبب infection or trauma or atherosclerosis

"Inflammation "
Vasculiitis (immune or infectious )
تكون vessels محميه من infection لان immune system قريبه منه فالimmune system في الدم 😁😁 لذلك immune هو اهم من infectious
Immune vasculiitis
General histological features of vasculiitis:
Leukocyte infiltration, thickening of wall , narrowing of lumen

يقسم على حسب size إلى
1_large size
a_Takayasu disease
b_ Temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)
لا نستطيع ان نفرق بين المرضين histological لان giant cell موجوده فيهم الاثنين (granulomatous inflammation ) يعني انهم متشابهان هستولوجيا
نفرق بينهم ب location و clinical feature

Takayasu : female , middle age , pulsless
Temporal: male , old age , chronic headache , temporal tenderness

2_Middel size :
a_Kawasaki disease
b_ polyarteritis nodosa
يتميز المرضين ب necrotizing vasculiitis (accumulation of neutrophils, pus) or fibrinoid necrosis
نفرق بينهم clinical
Kawasaki :infant , mucocutaneous rash , lymphoadenopathy
Polyarteritis: middle age , problems in kidney (heamaturia )and GIT
يعني انه multisystem ماعدا lung

3_small size ;
a_wenger disease
b_ churg_straus syndrome
c_Buerger's disease
وهي متشابهه clinically لكن تختلف histological
Wenger : in upper and lower respiratory
يتميز بوجود necrotizing granuloma فيها granuloma وبالوسط neutrophils
Churg_straus: Esinophilia in blood
يكون عنده allergy
Polyangitis :leukocytoplastic vasculatis (neutrophils fragmentation )


"Specific disease "
Sever thickness of intima (cholesterol, triglycerides)
Arteriosclerosis (Harding or thickening of BV )
_Arteriolosclerosis :due to hypertension
_ atherosclerosis :due to fat
_monckebergs :في كبار السن
ملحوظة 🤓 علم الأسباب ينقسم:
Cause :المرض موجود وله اسبابه
Risk factor : المرض غير موجود ولكن هو عرضه للمرض مثل التدخين

*risk factor of atherosclerosis *

A_High modifiable :
Smoking
Hyperlipdiemia
Hyperglycemia
Hypertension

B_high non modifiable:
Male
Age
Family history
Genetic factors

C_ low :
Obesity
Fat
Lack of exercises
Stress
. قد تكون family history مرتبطة ب genetic factor أو لا
أكثر حاجه ترفع HDL هو exercise
Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis :
increase vascular permeability
يدخل fat , fibrin
Leukocyte infiltration to subendothelium
تفرز endothelium ال nitric oxide والذي يسبب injury ويمنع aggregation
يزداد adhesion molecule
لما ينقص nitric oxide يحصل platelet aggregation
مع الوقت يتكونfat streak (ethroma)
يستدعي smooth muscle من media فتعمل cap

Complications
Comple

te obstruction of artery
Thrombosis >embolism formation > infraction
يمكن يحصل aneurysm > rupture < internal bleeding

وبعدين عرض الدكتور الشرائح
مها الحيدري

فيديو شرح ال Virus introduction

للمبدع د/ إبراهيم سعيد .

الشرح جميل جدااا وتسلسل للمعلومات رائع ..
شوفوه بيفيدكم كثير ^^

#فيروسات

احد مواضيع بحث الفيروسات
Sindbis viruse

الكتاب الذي بتشرح منه دكتورة منية 👆🏻

#باثو
#Ovarian_tumors

#الدكتورة_منية

#باثو
#Ovarian_tumors
#الدكتورة_منية

🥀Germ cell ovarian Tumor :

🍂Teratoma :- ( Monster Tumor )
You can find all different type of tissue : hair ,bone, teath ..from all germinal layers ( Dermoid Cyst)

👀 Mature Teratoma:

E.x : Struma Ovarri :
It is defined by the presence of thyroid tissue >> Hyperthyroidism


🍂 Yolk sac Tumor : ( Most common in children) agressive

Germ cell >> Differentiate into Yolk sac tissue
Presence of ring of cells aroung central Blood vessels > called schiller - duval bodies .
Alpha feto protein ^^ high ( increased)

🍂 Choriocarcioma :
Germ cell >>syncytiotrophoblast cells which forms Placenta
Secrete( B-HCG ) which helps ovarian cysts to be formed

🍂 Dysgerminoma:
Germ cell >> Oocyte which is the normal but it turns to grow Uncontrollably
( 😳Most common malignant type of Ovarian Tumors )

🍂 Embryonal carcinoma :-  characterized by primitive epithelial cells with marked pleomorphism and various histologic patterns. It may present in pure form but often is part of a mixed germ cell tumor.


#باثو
#Ovarian_tumors
#الدكتورة_منية

🥀 Sex Cord - stromal ovarian cancer :

🔥It is the tumor that develops from ovarian follicular cells ( sex cord ) or Connective tissue cells ( stromal )

🔥Each ovary contains multiple of follicles ?
💥Follicles is Oocyte surrounded by two types of cells?
1- granulosa cells
2- Thica cells
Which both support follicular development !

🔥 LH stimulates (Granulosa cell ) to secrete ( Androgens )

🔥 FSH stimulates ( Thica cells) to convert Androgens to ( Estradiol) by the enzyme Aromatase

نرجع الان ايش ال Types :

🍂 1- Granulosa thica cell tumor :
( malignant- middle aged women )

>> Estradiol ( estrogen) overproduction :
a) Uterine Bleeding
b) Breast tenderness
c) early puberty in Young

🍂 Fibroma / Thecoma :

😌Fibroma:- benign , asymptomatic

Grossly , ovary fibromas are firm and white or tan. Variants with edema are especially likely to be associated with Meigs' syndrome. Microscopically , there are intersecting bundles of spindle cells producing collagen.


😌Thecoma : benign, estrogen production , in older age women.

Grossly, the tumour is solid and yellow.
Microscopically, the tumour cells have abundant lipid-filled cytoplasm.



🍂 Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors :

Production of Androgens ( male hormones) >> developing male physical characters ( hirsutism , deep voice )

#باثو
#Ovarian_tumors
#الدكتورة_منية

🥀 Surface Epithelial tumors of Ovary :-

🔥The surface of the ovaries is covered with membrane consisting of a lining of simple cuboidal-to-columnar shaped mesothelium. The outermost layer is called the germinal epithelium.

💥It's either benign/ malignant/ borderline

( see the pictures 👇🏻)

NOTE: malignant Tumors characterized by esionphilia
بتلاقوا الشريحة حمراء

#باثو
#Ovarian_tumors
#الدكتورة_منية

🔥Subdivision of Epithelial ovarian cancer :

☄ Serrous:
Arises of Epithelial cells :
Single ( fluid-filled cyst)
Either :

✨ benign : Serrous Cystadenoma ( most common - effects premanpusal- 🥂bilateral)

✨Malignant: serrous Cystadenocarcinoma ( inflamed and swallowen lining + postmenopausal women )
❗️Psammoma bodies ( plaques with calcium and cellular debris)

Or Borderline

☄ musinous :
Arises from epithelial cells
( mucus filled cyst) >> large - multioculated

✨ benign: musinous Cystadenoma (🍸unilterall )

✨Malignant: musinous Cystadenocarcinoma ( Like serrous ) = ^
❗️Pseudomyxoma peritioni ( musinous material to the pertonial cavity )

Or Borderline

☄ Endometriod :
Ectopic endometrium-like cells

✨Benign : cyst filled with dark blood
( Chocolate Cyst 🍫)

✨ Malignant: spread to fallopian tube and pertonial cavity


☄ Brenner ( transitional tumor ):-
Transitional epithelial in the surface like those of bladder


☄ Clear-cell ovarian carcinoma :-

rarely appears bilaterally. The cells usually contain glycogen with large clear cytoplasm. It is also associated with endometriosis.

#باثو
#Ovarian_tumors
#الدكتورة_منية

🌕Symptoms of ovarian cancer:

- Abdominal Distention
- Bloating
- Abdominal and pelvic pain [ ovarian torsion]
- Acitis
- Abdominal masses
- bowel habits disturbance
- Hormonal Imbalance
#باثو
#Ovarian_tumors
#الدكتورة_منية

🌚Ovarian cysts 🌚

🌑Def: It is a fluid-filled sacs on or in the ovaries

🌑Can effect females of any ages commonly in reproductive age

🌑 Functional Cysts ?
Occurs when normal cycle development is distributed

🌜1- Follicular cyst:
Follicles fail to repture and Keep Growing ( LH surge dose not happen )

🌜3- corpus luteum cyst :
Follicles rapture > but close again and continue to grow
If related blood Vessels rapture
🌛4- Heamorrhagic Cyst ( Chocolate Cyst 🍫)

🌜5- simple cyst :- Small with clear serrous liquid with smooth lining >> Asymptomatic >> only found in some cases of Hysterectomy

🌜6- Polycystic ovarian syndrome :
( failure of Hypothamic - pituitary- Ovarian axid )
Chronic Anovulation ( no ovulation)
a) Amenorrhea
b) Absent menstruation
c) Androgen production

🌛7- theca- lutein Cyst:
rare , by increased human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) serum levels. It occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle or during early pregnancy.

Or
🌑 Neoplastic Cysts as been described ( Above )

#باثو
#Ovarian_tumors
#الدكتورة_منية