Surgical notes
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Surgical notes
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๐Ÿ›‘ 6 True ..
Surgical notes
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๐Ÿ›‘ 5 C ... multiple Polar : Lophotrachous
ุงุถุบุทูˆุง ู‡ุงุดุชุงุบ #ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูˆุดูˆููˆุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑุงุช ^^
Forwarded from Deleted Account
26 F
ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู‚ุงู„ ุงู†

ุงู† not all medically important bacteria
Contain plasmid ( F)
Yogurt: produced by fermentation due to bacteria bifidobacterium bifidum

Crud: adding acidic substance by propionbactirum

ุจู„ุบูˆุง ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ^^
ุจุฎุตูˆุต ุณุคุงู„ ..
ุฑู‚ู… 2

ุจุงู„ุตุญ ูˆุงู„ุฎุทุฃ ุงู„ุญู„ ุญู‚ู†ุง ุตุญ ( T )

The cell was first discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1665. ... However whatHooke actually saw was the dead cell walls of plant cells (cork) as it appeared under the microscope . Hooke's description of thesecells was published in Micrographia

Hooke looked at the bark of a cork tree and observed its microscopic structure. In doing so, he discoveredand named the cell โ€“ the building block of life. He thought the objects he had discovered looked like the individual rooms in a monastery, which were known as cells.

๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜
ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจ ู„ูƒู„ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุŸ
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ูุฎู… ูŠูˆุถุญ ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ุงุฌุงุจุฉ .
Forwarded from .....
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ุฎุตุชู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุจุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุจุงุซูˆ :
ู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุจุฃูŠ system ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠ ู†ุงุฎุฐ ุงู„basic ุญู‚ู‡
ุงูŠ system ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ:
1_congenital anomalies(ุชุดูˆู‡ุงุช )
2_inflammation (immune or infectious )
3_specific disease
4_Tumer
ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ ู†ุถูŠู trauma

ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุนุชุจุฑ vascular system ุงู‡ู… system ุŸุŸ
ู„ุงู† 50% ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆููŠุงุช ุณุจุจู‡ุง complications of atherosclerosis

*basic anatomy :
Aorta>large artery >medium artery >small artery > arteriol > capillary <venule >small vein >medium vein >large vein
*histology : Blood vessels consist from three layer :
1_intima (endothelium , subendothelium ) integrity of intima is important for integrity of Blood vessels
2_media (smooth muscle )
3_adventitia (nerve , blood vessel)
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุญุฏุฏ size of artery ู‡ูˆ thickness of media ุญุชู‰ ุชุฎุชููŠ media , adventitia ููŠ capillary

*physiology:
Normal function of vascular system is transporting of Blood (nutrient, oxygen and removal of Waste products )
ู„ุงูŠุบุงุฏุฑ blood ู…ู† vessel ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠุญุตู„ ู„ู‡ filtration

Diseases:
"Congenital anomalies "
1_Arterioveinus (AV malformation ):ุชุชูƒูˆู† ูƒุชู„ุฉ interconnected mixed....
ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ุŒุŒุŒุŒุŒ ูŠูƒุชุดููˆุง ููŠ lung ุญุงุฌู‡ ุจูŠุถุงุก ูˆู‡ูŠ ู„ูŠุณุช tumer
2_ AV shunt or fistula :direct connection between artery and vein
ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† congenital ุฃูˆ ุชูƒูˆู† acquired ุจุณุจุจ trauma ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† therapeutic ู„ุบุฑุถ ุนู„ุงุฌูŠ ู…ุซู„ hemodialysis
3_ perianeurysm; abnormal dilatation of Blood vessels
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุตูŠุจ cycle of Willis ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุญุตู„ ู„ู‡ accidental rupture >sudden haemorrhage <sudden death
ูŠู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ accidentally
ูŠู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† acquired ุจุณุจุจ infection or trauma or atherosclerosis

"Inflammation "
Vasculiitis (immune or infectious )
ุชูƒูˆู† vessels ู…ุญู…ูŠู‡ ู…ู† infection ู„ุงู† immune system ู‚ุฑูŠุจู‡ ู…ู†ู‡ ูุงู„immune system ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ˜ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ immune ู‡ูˆ ุงู‡ู… ู…ู† infectious
Immune vasculiitis
General histological features of vasculiitis:
Leukocyte infiltration, thickening of wall , narrowing of lumen

ูŠู‚ุณู… ุนู„ู‰ ุญุณุจ size ุฅู„ู‰
1_large size
a_Takayasu disease
b_ Temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis)
ู„ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู† ู†ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุถูŠู† histological ู„ุงู† giant cell ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ููŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† (granulomatous inflammation ) ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ู‡ู… ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุงู† ู‡ุณุชูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง
ู†ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ุจ location ูˆ clinical feature

Takayasu : female , middle age , pulsless
Temporal: male , old age , chronic headache , temporal tenderness

2_Middel size :
a_Kawasaki disease
b_ polyarteritis nodosa
ูŠุชู…ูŠุฒ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถูŠู† ุจ necrotizing vasculiitis (accumulation of neutrophils, pus) or fibrinoid necrosis
ู†ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู… clinical
Kawasaki :infant , mucocutaneous rash , lymphoadenopathy
Polyarteritis: middle age , problems in kidney (heamaturia )and GIT
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ู‡ multisystem ู…ุงุนุฏุง lung

3_small size ;
a_wenger disease
b_ churg_straus syndrome
c_Buerger's disease
ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ู‡ clinically ู„ูƒู† ุชุฎุชู„ู histological
Wenger : in upper and lower respiratory
ูŠุชู…ูŠุฒ ุจูˆุฌูˆุฏ necrotizing granuloma ููŠู‡ุง granuloma ูˆุจุงู„ูˆุณุท neutrophils
Churg_straus: Esinophilia in blood
ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ allergy
Polyangitis :leukocytoplastic vasculatis (neutrophils fragmentation )


"Specific disease "
Sever thickness of intima (cholesterol, triglycerides)
Arteriosclerosis (Harding or thickening of BV )
_Arteriolosclerosis :due to hypertension
_ atherosclerosis :due to fat
_monckebergs :ููŠ ูƒุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุณู†
ู…ู„ุญูˆุธุฉ ๐Ÿค“ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ูŠู†ู‚ุณู…:
Cause :ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆู„ู‡ ุงุณุจุงุจู‡
Risk factor : ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ูˆ ุนุฑุถู‡ ู„ู„ู…ุฑุถ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุชุฏุฎูŠู†

*risk factor of atherosclerosis *

A_High modifiable :
Smoking
Hyperlipdiemia
Hyperglycemia
Hypertension

B_high non modifiable:
Male
Age
Family history
Genetic factors

C_ low :
Obesity
Fat
Lack of exercises
Stress
. ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† family history ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจ genetic factor ุฃูˆ ู„ุง
ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุญุงุฌู‡ ุชุฑูุน HDL ู‡ูˆ exercise
Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis :
increase vascular permeability
ูŠุฏุฎู„ fat , fibrin
Leukocyte infiltration to subendothelium
ุชูุฑุฒ endothelium ุงู„ nitric oxide ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณุจุจ injury ูˆูŠู…ู†ุน aggregation
ูŠุฒุฏุงุฏ adhesion molecule
ู„ู…ุง ูŠู†ู‚ุต nitric oxide ูŠุญุตู„ platelet aggregation
ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูŠุชูƒูˆู†fat streak (ethroma)
ูŠุณุชุฏุนูŠ smooth muscle ู…ู† media ูุชุนู…ู„ cap

Complications
Comple
Forwarded from .....
te obstruction of artery
Thrombosis >embolism formation > infraction
ูŠู…ูƒู† ูŠุญุตู„ aneurysm > rupture < internal bleeding

ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ุนุฑุถ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุงู„ุดุฑุงุฆุญ
ู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุญูŠุฏุฑูŠ
Deleted Account
https://youtu.be/5-GosIF33YI
ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุดุฑุญ ุงู„ Virus introduction

ู„ู„ู…ุจุฏุน ุฏ/ ุฅุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู… ุณุนูŠุฏ .

ุงู„ุดุฑุญ ุฌู…ูŠู„ ุฌุฏุงุงุง ูˆุชุณู„ุณู„ ู„ู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุฑุงุฆุน ..
ุดูˆููˆู‡ ุจูŠููŠุฏูƒู… ูƒุซูŠุฑ ^^

#ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช
Deleted Account
https://youtu.be/fI98N3vvkIg
ุงุญุฏ ู…ูˆุงุถูŠุน ุจุญุซ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช
Sindbis viruse
Surgical notes
Systhemic_ุฌู…ุงู„_ู†ุฏู‰_Wesmosis.pdf
ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจุชุดุฑุญ ู…ู†ู‡ ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู†ูŠุฉ ๐Ÿ‘†๐Ÿป