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๐Ÿ‘€In Megaloblastic anemia:-

- to know weither it is Vitamin B12 or B9 ..

โ†—๏ธ Homocysteine in Both deficiencies

โ†—๏ธ ( MMA ) Methylmalonic acid ( in Vitamin B12 ) deficiency

๐Ÿ”ต Note :-

When you treat the patient you must give him both Vitamin B9 + B12

ู„ุงู† B9 ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ B12 .
ูˆุนุดุงู† ูŠุชุญูˆู„
Dihydrofolate >> tetrahydrofloate
ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ B12

ูˆู„ูˆ ุนุงู„ุฌู†ุง ุจ ููŠุชุงู…ูŠู† B9 ูู‚ุท ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ B12 ู†ุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ููŠ Folate Trap .

#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
๐ŸŸกHereditary Spherocytosis:-

Autosomal Dominant .

Defect in mambrane proteins ( Spectrins , Ankyrins) >> abnormal shape >> engulfed by spleen [ Extravascular Hemolysis]

ููŠ ู‡ุฐูŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ูŠูƒูˆู† :-
Splenectomy corrects the anemia ..

ูˆููŠ ู‡ุฐูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ุชูƒูˆู† ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฏู… Fragile ..
ุชุชูƒุณุฑ ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ู„ุงู†ูˆ ุงู„ Mambrane ู†ุงู‚ุต ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช
ู„ู‡ุฐุง ู†ุฃูƒุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ุจุงู„ูุญุต :-
Osmotic fragility test

ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุจุงู„ smear:-
Spherocytes [ Hyperchromia ]

#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
G6PD is intravascular heamolysis

Due to lack of protection aganist the oxidative stress aganist RBCs

X-linked Recessive .

On blood Film :-

ุงู„ Oxidative stress ุจูŠู‡ุงุฌู… ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฏู… ... ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฃูƒูˆู„ุฉ Bite cells ุงูˆ ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง Heniz bodies ..

ูˆู„ุงุฒู… ู†ุจุชุนุฏ ุนู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชูƒุณุฑ .

#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
#ุฃุทูุงู„
๐ŸŸขIn sickle cell disease,

The causative organism of osteomyelitis is Salmonella ,

ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ุงู†ูˆ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ:

The causative organism for osteomyelitis is Staphylococcus aureus

#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
๐Ÿ›‘ Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL)


ู…ู† ุงุณู…ู‡ุง :-
๐Ÿ”บ1) SmALL >>> ุญุฌู…ู‡ุง ุตุบูŠุฑ

ูˆู„ุฃู† ุญุฌู…ู‡ุง ุตุบูŠุฑ :-
๐Ÿ”บ2) more in Children ( 1-5 ) years

๐Ÿ”บ3) More infiltration and metastasis to other Tissue like Brain and testis

- more HSM , Lymphadenopathy
- may do Salivary gland swellings


ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู„ุงุฌู‡ุง
๐Ÿ”บ4) Needs intensive treatment for long time , with high recurrence rate .

( induction - consalidation- Mantinance)

ูˆู„ุงู†ู‡ุง ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุชุนุจุฑ Pass

๐Ÿ”บ5) Stain with PAS stain .

#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ Acute leukemia ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู…

๐Ÿ”ธ infiltrations is more with ALL due to it's small size ; ( HSM , lymphadenopathy, Meningitis, salivary glands " parotid " )


๐Ÿ”ถ Special for AML :
According to FAB :-

M3 [ acute promylocytic Leukemia ] >>> Auer rods >> responds to ATRA >> Good Prognosis

>> DIC may occur in stage M3

>> infiltrations of the Gum [ Gum hypertrophy] in M4 , M5

#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
Surgical notes
๐Ÿ›‘ Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL) ู…ู† ุงุณู…ู‡ุง :- ๐Ÿ”บ1) SmALL >>> ุญุฌู…ู‡ุง ุตุบูŠุฑ ูˆู„ุฃู† ุญุฌู…ู‡ุง ุตุบูŠุฑ :- ๐Ÿ”บ2) more in Children ( 1-5 ) years ๐Ÿ”บ3) More infiltration and metastasis to other Tissue like Brain and testis - more HSM , Lymphadenopathy - may do Salivaryโ€ฆ
๐Ÿ”นTherefore ;

In the treatments of ALL ,

ู†ุถูŠู ู„ู‡
Intrathecal methotrexate

ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนุทูˆู‡ ู„ู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู…ุณุชุดูู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆูŠุช ๐Ÿค

#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
#ุฃุทูุงู„
๐Ÿ›‘ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ Philadelphia chromosome :-
BCR -ABL

ุงูƒุชุดููˆุง ู…ุคุฎุฑุง ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ููŠ ููŠู„ูŠุฏู„ููŠุง ุงู†ูˆ:-

The BCR gene is normally on chromosome number 22.

The ABL gene is normally on chromosome number 9.

The BCR-ABL mutation happens when pieces of BCR and ABL genes break off and switch places.

ูŠุญุตู„ Translocation ูˆูŠุชุจุงุฏู„ูˆุง .


This gene then produces the BCR-ABL protein, which is the type of protein called a tyrosine kinase.


This protein causes CML cells to grow and divide out of control.
ูˆู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„ุด ู„ู‡ุง Apoptosis .

ูˆ ู„ุญุณู† ุงู„ุญุธ ุงูƒุชุดููˆุง ู„ู‡ ุนู„ุงุฌ :-
Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors.

ู…ุซู„:-
imatinib , axitinib , nilotinib

ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ุง ...

ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ู… ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฌูŠู† ูˆ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠูˆู‚ู ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ Tyrosine Kinase ูŠุนุชุจุฑ Good Prognosis ู„ู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… CML
ู„ุงู†ูˆ ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุณูŠุทุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ .

โ˜น๏ธโ˜น๏ธโ˜น๏ธโ˜น๏ธ ู„ูƒู† !!!

ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช AML ุงูˆ ALL ูˆ ุญุตู„ูˆุง ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ Philadelphia chromosome ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนุชุจุฑ Bad prognosis !!!!

ู„ูŠุด. ุŸ!
ู„ุงู†ูˆ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู†ู‡ ูƒุงู†ุช Chronic Myloid luekemia.
ูˆ ุญุตู„ Acceleration ูˆ ุจุนุฏู‡ุง Acute leukemia on top of Chronic

ูˆุจู‡ุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุฒู…ุงู† ุชุณุชุฌูŠุจ ู„ู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ูˆุงู„ุงู† ุตุงุฑุช ู…ุง ุชุณุชุฌูŠุจ... ูˆู„ุงุฒู… ู†ุญูˆู„ู‡ุง ู„ุนู„ุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ Acute ุจุงู„ุงุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ู‰ Short Life Expectancy

#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
๐Ÿ›‘ Splenectomy:-

ู†ุญุชุงุฌู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ุง Spleenomegaly.

ู„ูƒู† !
ุณุจุจ ุงู„ Spleenomegaly ูŠุง ุงู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ;

- Destruction of cells.
or
- Extramedullary Hematopoisis.

๐ŸŸก๐ŸŸก ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠุงุง ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ Cell Abnormal ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ Spleen ูŠูƒุณุฑ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง .. ูุงุนู…ู„ Splenectomy ุนุดุงู† ูŠู‚ู„ ุงู„ุชูƒุณูŠุฑ ูˆุงุญุณู† ุงู„ูˆุถุน .
Indications of spleenectomy:-

1- Beta Thalassemia

2- Hereditary spherocytosis or Elliptiocytosis

3- Autoimmune Hemolytic anemia , Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia ( Evan's syndrome )

4- Idiopathic thrombocytopenia

5- Pancytopenia secondary to Hypersplenism ( ex: Malaria )

6- To improve Anemia and Thrombocytopenia in CLL or Accelerated phase of CML



๐ŸŸก๐ŸŸก ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ Bone marrow failure + Spleenomegaly.

ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ู…ุง ุงุนู…ู„ุด Spleenectomy ู…ุซู„ :-

1- Aplastic anemia
2- Megaloblastic anemia
3- Mylofibrosis
4- ..


#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
๐Ÿ”ต Anemia and Thrombocytopenia ??

ููŠ ุงู„ CML , CLL

๐Ÿ”น CML :-
Due to Hypersplenism

๐Ÿ”น CLL
Due to Autoimmune Hemolytic anemia and Thrombocytopenia.
( Evan's syndrome) .

#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
๐Ÿ”นClinical Staging of CLL

#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
(ูŠูŽุง ุฃูŽูŠูŽู‘ุชูู‡ูŽุง ุงู„ู†ูŽู‘ูู’ุณู ุงู„ู’ู…ูุทู’ู…ูŽุฆูู†ูŽู‘ุฉู ุงุฑู’ุฌูุนููŠ ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุฑูŽุจูู‘ูƒู ุฑูŽุงุถููŠูŽุฉู‹ ู…ูŽู‘ุฑู’ุถููŠูŽู‘ุฉู‹ ููŽุงุฏู’ุฎูู„ููŠ ูููŠ ุนูุจูŽุงุฏููŠ ูˆูŽุงุฏู’ุฎูู„ููŠ ุฌูŽู†ูŽู‘ุชููŠ.).
ุตุฏู‚ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…

ุจู‚ู„ูˆุจ ู…ุคู…ู†ุฉ ุจู‚ุถุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆู‚ุฏุฑู‡ ุชู„ู‚ูŠู†ุง ุฌุฏ ุฒู…ูŠู„ุชู†ุง ู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุบุจุฑูŠ ๐Ÿ˜ญ๐Ÿ’”

ุณุงุฆู„ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ู‰ ุนุฒูˆุฌู„ ุฃู† ูŠุชุบู…ุฏู‡ ุจูˆุงุณุน ุฑุญู…ุชู‡ ุŒ ูˆูŠุณูƒู†ู‡ ูุณูŠุญ ุฌู†ุงุชู‡ ุŒ ูˆูŠู„ู‡ู… ุฃู‡ู„ู‡ ุŒ ูˆุฐูˆูŠู‡ ุงู„ุตุจุฑ ูˆุงู„ุณู„ูˆุงู† ูˆุงู†ุง ู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุงู†ุง ุงู„ูŠู‡ ุฑุงุฌุนูˆู† ุญุณุจู†ุง ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆู†ุนู… ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„
ุนุธู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงุฌุฑูƒู… ูˆุนุตู… ู‚ู„ูˆุจูƒู… ูˆุงู„ู‡ู…ูƒู… ุงู„ุตุจุฑ ูˆุงู„ุณู„ูˆุงู† ุŒ ุงู„ุจู‚ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชูƒู… ุŒ ุฅู†ุง ู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุงู†ุง ุงู„ูŠู‡ ุฑุงุฌุนูˆู†.
(ุงู„ูุงุชุญู‡) ุงู„ู‰ ุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญูˆู… ูˆุงู„ู‰ ุฑูˆุญ ู…ูˆุชุงู†ุง ูˆู…ูˆุชุงูƒู….
Assessment of COPD severity and management
#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
๐Ÿ›‘Embryology of the pharyngeal pouches ...

๐Ÿ”ตThe thyroid originates between the first and second pharyngeal pouches near the base of the tongue

as it descent by the Throglossal duct through Foramen cecum ..


๐Ÿ”ตParathyroid gland is 2 pairs [ Superior and Inferior]

4th >> superior

3rd >>> Inferior

#ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ
animation.gif
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Absolute Neutrophil Count ( ANC )

#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ๐ŸŒธ๐Ÿ’•๐Ÿค


ู‡ุฐุง ุงุณุชุจูŠุงู† ุจุญุซ ู„ ุฒู…ูŠู„ุงุชู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅู…ุงุฑุงุชูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุทู„ุงุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุตู†ุนุงุก ูˆ 21 ุณุจุชู…ุจุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุฅู…ุงุฑุงุชูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ูˆุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง..


ุงุฐุง ุชูƒุฑู…ุชูˆุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฌุงูˆุจูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุณุชุจูŠุงู† ูˆุงู†ุดุฑูˆู‡ ุจู…ุนุฑูุชูƒู…

ูˆุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงู‹


https://forms.gle/8bnACQToHvj9WDbp6
Bernard soulier syndrome ( BSS) vs Glanzmann thrombosthenia


#ุจุงุทู†ุฉ
"ู…ูุจุงุฑูƒ ุญุจูŠุจุชูŠ ุฏุนุงุก ูˆ ุงู„ุฒู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฏูˆุจ ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุนุจุฏุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุจุฉ ุŒ ุฃุชู…ู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ูƒู… ุน ุฎูŠุฑ ๐Ÿ’™๐Ÿ’™๐Ÿคโœจ

ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุญุจ ูˆุณุนุงุฏุฉ ุชู…ู„ุฃ ุญูŠุงุชู‡ู…ุง ๐Ÿค๐Ÿ’™๐Ÿค๐Ÿ’™
ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุจุงุฑูƒ ู„ู‡ู…ุง ูˆุจุงุฑูƒ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…ุง ูˆ ุงุฌู…ุน ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฎูŠุฑ ๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿค๐Ÿค๐Ÿค๐Ÿค


ุงู„ูููููู ู…ุจุงุงุงุงุงุงุงุงุงุงุงุฑูƒ ูˆุงู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูƒู„ ุงูŠุงู…ูƒู… ููŠ ุฎูŠุฑ ูˆุณุนุงุฏุฉ ูˆูุฑุญ ๐Ÿค๐Ÿค๐Ÿค๐Ÿค๐ŸŒธ๐Ÿ’—โœจ