Specular microscopey
Is used to see the corneal endothelium

Focimeter or lensmeter
Used for study the power of glasses

Pachymetry used for
Measure the thickness of cornea

Keratometer used for measure the curvature or radius of cornea

Corneal topography is used for studying the surface of cornea

Gonioscope is used to study the angle of anterior chamber

Rose Bengal stain is used in corneal ulcer
And dry eye

Fluorescein dye used in corneal ulcer and lacrimal obstruction and retinal angiography

CT best used for eye
And optic nerve masses

A scan is used to measure the Axial length of the eye

Opthalamoscope used to study the funds of the eye

U.S is used to study funds whe there is opacity in the front media

Anesthiesometer is used to study the
Corneal sensation

Tonometr is used to measure intraocular pressure

Amsler grid is used to study the macular function

Retinoscope is also called shadow scope is an objective study of the refraction

Landolts broken ring is used to study visual acuty from 6 meters
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DDx. of red eye.

uses of fluorescein in Opthalmology.

loss of transparency of the eye.

متشابهات :

للتفرقة

🔸Snow flack(snow storm > Diabetic cataract

🔸Snow blindness > photophthalmia

🔸Snow ball(Snow banking)> Pars planitis

🔸Sun flower cataract > Wilson's (Chalcosis bulbi)

🔸 folwer's position >> semiseting position in the treatment of hyphema

♦️arlt' line >trachoma
♦️arlt's triangle > anterior uveitis

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Drug when used intravitersouly causes macular toxicity is Gentamycin

As general the commonest cause of viterous hemorrhage is truma but if said in adult is Diabetes

WHO defines blindness when visual acuty in the better eye is less then 3/60 with best correction

Typically bilateral inferior lens dislocation caused by Hyperlysinemia


The most common retrobulbar orbital mas is cavernous hemangioma

Antiglucomatic drug causes drowsiness as a side effect
Is Brimonidine .

The drug of choice for treatment of
Corneal ulcers caused by filamentous
Fungi is Natamycin

Put in an intraocular lens after cataract surgery is contraindicated in patient with Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

The most ideal drug in open angle glucoma with myopia is Timolol

Dalen fuchs nodules is seen in
Sympathetic opthalmaitis

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Buphthalmos
5 “B”
Boys
Bilateral 2/3rd
Blephrospasm
Blue eyes
Bulls eye

Drugs causing cataract
ABCD
Amiodarone
Busulphan
Chlorpromazine
Dexamethasone

Background DR
HARM
HAemorrhaeg
Hard Exudates
Retinal Edema
Microaneurysms

Preproliferative DR
VADIC
Venous change (dilatation loops, bending)
Arteriolar change (narrowing, silver wiring)
Dark blot hemorrhage
IRMA
Cotton wool spots

Cherry Red Spot Syndrom
Cherry 🌲 Trees Never Grow Tall
CRAO
TAY _sachs diseases
Gaucher's diseases
Trauma(Berlin's edema)*
بالإضافة quinine

🛑 Pathognomic and specific signs

✨Keratic precipitate (arlt's triangle)> patho. sign of acute Ant. uveitis

✨Snow ball(Snow benking)> patho. Sign of Pars planitis

✨Amsler's sign> patho. Sign of Fuch's uveitis

✨Rosette cataract (star shaped) > patho. Of traumatic cataract

✨Puff ball >>patho. Sign of fungal endophthalmitis

✨iritis roseata >>patho. Sign of Uveitis syphilis

✨Iris pearls > leprosy ant uveitis

✨Dale Fuch's nodule > patho. Sign of sympathetic ophthalmia

✨Glaukomflecken >patho.sign of acute closed angle glaucoma(ACG)


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Diabetic retinopathy:

Types of staphyloma

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