🔸Ring Scotoma
▪️POAG
▪️Retinitis pigmentosa

🔶D.D OF Bitemporal hemianopia
▪️pituitary tumours
▪️meningioma

🔶D.D of sudden painless loss of vision
▪️CRAO
▪️massive vitreous hemorrhage
▪️ischemic CRVO
▪️Methanol poisoning ( اذكرو الكارثة يلي صارت في 2013 )

🔶D.D sudden painful loss of vision
▪️acute congestive glaucoma
▪️acute iridocyclitis
▪️chemical injury
▪️optic neuritis

🔶D.D night blindness (nyctalopia)
▪️vitamin A deficiency
▪️retinitis pigmentosa
▪️peripheral cortical cataract
▪️high myopia

🔶D.D Day blindness
▪️central nuclear cataract
▪️central vitreous opacity
▪️congenital deficiency of Cones

🔶D.D cherry red spot in macula
▪️commotio retina
▪️CRAO
▪️Quinine poisoning
▪️giant cell arteritis

🔶D.D causes of PHOTOPSIA
▪️posterior vitreous detachment
▪️retinitis
▪️retinal detachment
▪️vitreous traction (cyclitic membrane(

🔶D.D Conjunctival discharge
▪️watery discharge (viral inflammation)
▪️mucoid discharge ( vernal conjunctivitis)
▪️purulent discharge (acute bacterial infection)
▪️Mucopurulent discharge (mild bacteria《chlamydial infection》)

🔶D.D of heterochromia
▪️congenital
▪️Horner's syndrome
▪️Fuch's hetero chromia Cyclitis
▪️Drud( xalatan)

Compare between
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
Exudative """RD
Tractional""RD
#عيون

DD Enlarged coneal nerves

Leprosy
Neurofibromatosis
Keratoconus
Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy
Herpes simplex keratitis
Herpes zoster keratitis
Acanthaomeba keratitis
#عيون

Amacrine cells function in retina
As a carriers for rod signals to ganglion cells

Muller cells function they are the major Glial cells in retina responsible for the
Homeostasic and metabolic function
Support of retinal neurons
#عيون

Saccade is an abrupt rapid Involuntary movement of the eye

Aniseikonia is the difference in the size of the images formed by the two eyes

Ophthalmoplegic migrane means
When the headache is followed by partial paralysis of the third nerve
On the same side as hemicarnia without any scotoma
#عيون

Congnital glaucoma is due to mutation
In optineurin

ongenital glaucoma best treated by
Trabeculoectomy

#عيون

The most common malignant tumor of eyelid is basal cell carcinoma

The most common benign tumor of eye lid is squamous papilloma

The most comon primary tumor of eye
In adult choroidal melanoma

The most common primary tumor of eye in children is retinoblastoma

#عيون

ماشاء الله كل الشكر لزميلنا وليد الحبيشي على المشاركة والمساعدة بهذي ال Notes الفخمة ✨✨✨✨

شكراً جزيلاً 🙏🏻

Specular microscopey
Is used to see the corneal endothelium

Focimeter or lensmeter
Used for study the power of glasses

Pachymetry used for
Measure the thickness of cornea

Keratometer used for measure the curvature or radius of cornea

Corneal topography is used for studying the surface of cornea

Gonioscope is used to study the angle of anterior chamber

Rose Bengal stain is used in corneal ulcer
And dry eye

Fluorescein dye used in corneal ulcer and lacrimal obstruction and retinal angiography

CT best used for eye
And optic nerve masses

A scan is used to measure the Axial length of the eye

Opthalamoscope used to study the funds of the eye

U.S is used to study funds whe there is opacity in the front media

Anesthiesometer is used to study the
Corneal sensation

Tonometr is used to measure intraocular pressure

Amsler grid is used to study the macular function

Retinoscope is also called shadow scope is an objective study of the refraction

Landolts broken ring is used to study visual acuty from 6 meters
#عيون

DDx. of red eye.

uses of fluorescein in Opthalmology.