🌺 Management of HbA1c levels :-
Patients should then be offered lifestyle advice ( Diet - sport )and drug treatment to support them to achieve and maintain their target HbA1c.
Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing to diagnose diabetes
An HbA1c of 48mmol/mol (6.5%) is recommended as the cut off point for diagnosing diabetes.
A value of less than 48mmol/mol (6.5%) does not exclude diabetes diagnosed using glucose tests.
If HbA1c levels are not controlled with a single drug and rise to 58mmol/mol (7.5%) or more, healthcare professionals should reinforce advice about diet, lifestyle and drug adherence and intensify drug treatment with the aim of reducing HbA1c to 48mmol/mol (6.5%)
في هذي الحالة اذا زاد عن ( 7.5%) يعطوه انسولين
HbA1c levels should be monitored at three- to six-monthly intervals until levels are stable on unchanging therapy.
الدكتور عدنان
#فارما
Patients should then be offered lifestyle advice ( Diet - sport )and drug treatment to support them to achieve and maintain their target HbA1c.
Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing to diagnose diabetes
An HbA1c of 48mmol/mol (6.5%) is recommended as the cut off point for diagnosing diabetes.
A value of less than 48mmol/mol (6.5%) does not exclude diabetes diagnosed using glucose tests.
If HbA1c levels are not controlled with a single drug and rise to 58mmol/mol (7.5%) or more, healthcare professionals should reinforce advice about diet, lifestyle and drug adherence and intensify drug treatment with the aim of reducing HbA1c to 48mmol/mol (6.5%)
في هذي الحالة اذا زاد عن ( 7.5%) يعطوه انسولين
HbA1c levels should be monitored at three- to six-monthly intervals until levels are stable on unchanging therapy.
الدكتور عدنان
#فارما
🌺Drug treatment :
The revised guidance states that all patients with type II diabetes should be offered standard -release 💊metformin as initial treatment, with a gradual increase in dose over several weeks to minimise the risk of gastrointestinal side-effects. If gastrointestinal intolerance occurs, prescribers should consider a trial of modified-release metformin as an alternative.
If metformin is contraindicated or not tolerated, patients may begin drug treatment with :
💊sulfonylurea ( glibenclamide ,glyburide, Diabinese)
قال هذا في حال طلع ال HbA1c اكثر من ( 6.5%) بس ما وصلش لل ( 7.5%)
💊Thiazolidinedione : pioglitazone
💊( Gliptins ) :DPP-4 inhibitor class include sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin .
الاثنين الاخيرين يستخدموا في حال حصل Hypoglycemia مع ال metformin ..
الدكتور عدنان ^^
#فارما
The revised guidance states that all patients with type II diabetes should be offered standard -release 💊metformin as initial treatment, with a gradual increase in dose over several weeks to minimise the risk of gastrointestinal side-effects. If gastrointestinal intolerance occurs, prescribers should consider a trial of modified-release metformin as an alternative.
If metformin is contraindicated or not tolerated, patients may begin drug treatment with :
💊sulfonylurea ( glibenclamide ,glyburide, Diabinese)
قال هذا في حال طلع ال HbA1c اكثر من ( 6.5%) بس ما وصلش لل ( 7.5%)
💊Thiazolidinedione : pioglitazone
💊( Gliptins ) :DPP-4 inhibitor class include sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin .
الاثنين الاخيرين يستخدموا في حال حصل Hypoglycemia مع ال metformin ..
الدكتور عدنان ^^
#فارما
🌹🌹Women suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome have been treated with 💊metformin💊.
Benefits include:
lipid lowering effects, reduction in systolic blood pressure, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance syndrome . Metformin has also been shown to aid in normal menstrual regulation and pregnancy.
#فارما
Benefits include:
lipid lowering effects, reduction in systolic blood pressure, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance syndrome . Metformin has also been shown to aid in normal menstrual regulation and pregnancy.
#فارما
🍃Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS):
is a condition that affects a woman's hormone levels.
Women with PCOS produce higher-than-normal amounts of male hormones.
The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to regularly release eggs.
🍃Signs and symptoms :
- irregular periods
-Excess androgen : Elevated levels of male hormone may result in physical signs, such as excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), and occasionally severe acne and male-pattern baldness.
🍃 Causes : the main cause is not known . Factors might play rule include:
- hereditary
- Excess androgen
- PCOS have a type of low-grade inflammation that stimulates polycystic ovaries to produce androgens.
- Excess insulin might increase androgen production, causing difficulty with ovulation.
🍃Complications:
-Infertility
-Gestational diabetes or pregnancy-induced high blood pressure
-Miscarriage or premature birth
-Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis — a severe liver inflammation caused by fat accumulation in the liver
-Metabolic syndrome — a cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that significantly increase your risk of cardiovascular diseaseType 2 diabetes or prediabetes
-Sleep apnea
-Depression, anxiety and eating disorders
-Abnormal uterine bleeding
-Cancer of the uterine lining (endometrial cancer)
🍃 Treatment:
Lifestyle changes: weight lose - exercise - limit carbohydrates
Medication: follows
يمكن #باثو. .. يمكن #فارما
is a condition that affects a woman's hormone levels.
Women with PCOS produce higher-than-normal amounts of male hormones.
The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to regularly release eggs.
🍃Signs and symptoms :
- irregular periods
-Excess androgen : Elevated levels of male hormone may result in physical signs, such as excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), and occasionally severe acne and male-pattern baldness.
🍃 Causes : the main cause is not known . Factors might play rule include:
- hereditary
- Excess androgen
- PCOS have a type of low-grade inflammation that stimulates polycystic ovaries to produce androgens.
- Excess insulin might increase androgen production, causing difficulty with ovulation.
🍃Complications:
-Infertility
-Gestational diabetes or pregnancy-induced high blood pressure
-Miscarriage or premature birth
-Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis — a severe liver inflammation caused by fat accumulation in the liver
-Metabolic syndrome — a cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that significantly increase your risk of cardiovascular diseaseType 2 diabetes or prediabetes
-Sleep apnea
-Depression, anxiety and eating disorders
-Abnormal uterine bleeding
-Cancer of the uterine lining (endometrial cancer)
🍃 Treatment:
Lifestyle changes: weight lose - exercise - limit carbohydrates
Medication: follows
يمكن #باثو. .. يمكن #فارما
💊Medication for Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS)💊 :
عتكون ثلاث حاجات :
✏️To regulate menstrual cycle:
📝Compained contraceptives :
can lower risk of endometrial cancer and correct abnormal bleeding, excess hair growth and acne
📝 Progestin therapy :
regulate periods and protect against endometrial cancer.
✏️To help ovulation :
📝Clomiphene (Clomid) .This oral anti-estrogen medication is taken during the first part menstrual cycle.
📝Metformin (Glucophage) : هذا اللي جابنا لهذا الموضوع :
🔴🔴Metformin can enhance ovulation and regulate menstrual cycles
Metformin may even improve cholesterol and hirsutism symptoms like acne and excess hair growth.
📝Letrozole : This breast cancer treatment can work to stimulate the ovaries.
📝Gonadotropins . These hormone medications are given by injection
✏️ To reduce excessive hair growth and acne :
📝 Contraceptives as been said ^
📝 Spironolactone (Aldactone) : This medication blocks the effects of androgen on the skin.
Spironolactone can cause birth defect >> contraindicated with pregnancy or planning for ..
📝 Metformin. ^^
#فارما
عتكون ثلاث حاجات :
✏️To regulate menstrual cycle:
📝Compained contraceptives :
can lower risk of endometrial cancer and correct abnormal bleeding, excess hair growth and acne
📝 Progestin therapy :
regulate periods and protect against endometrial cancer.
✏️To help ovulation :
📝Clomiphene (Clomid) .This oral anti-estrogen medication is taken during the first part menstrual cycle.
📝Metformin (Glucophage) : هذا اللي جابنا لهذا الموضوع :
🔴🔴Metformin can enhance ovulation and regulate menstrual cycles
Metformin may even improve cholesterol and hirsutism symptoms like acne and excess hair growth.
📝Letrozole : This breast cancer treatment can work to stimulate the ovaries.
📝Gonadotropins . These hormone medications are given by injection
✏️ To reduce excessive hair growth and acne :
📝 Contraceptives as been said ^
📝 Spironolactone (Aldactone) : This medication blocks the effects of androgen on the skin.
Spironolactone can cause birth defect >> contraindicated with pregnancy or planning for ..
📝 Metformin. ^^
#فارما
للتذكير :
💊💊Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic (water pill) that prevents your body from absorbing too much salt and keeps your potassium levels from getting too low . Spironolactone is used to treat heart failure, high blood pressure (hypertension), or hypokalemia (low potassium levels in the blood)
💊Spironolactone is a moderate antiandrogen. That is, it is an antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR),
#فارما
💊💊Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic (water pill) that prevents your body from absorbing too much salt and keeps your potassium levels from getting too low . Spironolactone is used to treat heart failure, high blood pressure (hypertension), or hypokalemia (low potassium levels in the blood)
💊Spironolactone is a moderate antiandrogen. That is, it is an antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR),
#فارما
#الأنزيمات_البكتيرية :-
تعتبر الأنزيمات عوامل حدة تفرزها بعض البكتيريا فتساعد على إنتشارها في الجسم والتسبب بالمرض، ومنها...
1-الكولاجينيز Collagenase
يحطم ألياف الكولاجين ويعزز من إنتشار العدوى
(Cl. perfringens).
2-الليسيثنيز Lecithinase يحطم الليسيثين، المكون الأساسي لغشاء البكتيريا
(Cl. perfringens).
3-الكوأقيليز Coagulase يكون جدار من ألياف الفيبرين حول مكان الإصابة يحمي الميكروب من عملية البلعمة.
(S. aureus).
4-الفيبرينولايسين Fibrinolysin أو الستربتوكينيز Streptokinase يحلل خيوط الفيبرين للمساعدة في إنتشار البكتيريابعد تحسن الظروف.
( S. pyogenes).
5-الهيالورونيديز Hyaluronidase يحلل حمض الهيالورونيك الرابط للأنسجة فيساعد في إنتشار البكتيريا
(Clostrdia,Streptococci).
6-الستربتودورنيز Streptodornase أو الديوكسي ريبونيكلييز Deoxyribonuclease يحطم DNA المتجمع في القيح Pus فيساعد على إنتشار البكتيريا.
(S. pyogenes).
7-البروتييز Protease أو الأمينوجلوبيلين أ Aminoglobulin A يحطم الجسم المضاد IgA المفرز من الأسطح المخاطية فيزيل تأثيره المضاد للبكتيريا.
(N. gonorrhoea).
#بكتيريا
#مايكرو
تعتبر الأنزيمات عوامل حدة تفرزها بعض البكتيريا فتساعد على إنتشارها في الجسم والتسبب بالمرض، ومنها...
1-الكولاجينيز Collagenase
يحطم ألياف الكولاجين ويعزز من إنتشار العدوى
(Cl. perfringens).
2-الليسيثنيز Lecithinase يحطم الليسيثين، المكون الأساسي لغشاء البكتيريا
(Cl. perfringens).
3-الكوأقيليز Coagulase يكون جدار من ألياف الفيبرين حول مكان الإصابة يحمي الميكروب من عملية البلعمة.
(S. aureus).
4-الفيبرينولايسين Fibrinolysin أو الستربتوكينيز Streptokinase يحلل خيوط الفيبرين للمساعدة في إنتشار البكتيريابعد تحسن الظروف.
( S. pyogenes).
5-الهيالورونيديز Hyaluronidase يحلل حمض الهيالورونيك الرابط للأنسجة فيساعد في إنتشار البكتيريا
(Clostrdia,Streptococci).
6-الستربتودورنيز Streptodornase أو الديوكسي ريبونيكلييز Deoxyribonuclease يحطم DNA المتجمع في القيح Pus فيساعد على إنتشار البكتيريا.
(S. pyogenes).
7-البروتييز Protease أو الأمينوجلوبيلين أ Aminoglobulin A يحطم الجسم المضاد IgA المفرز من الأسطح المخاطية فيزيل تأثيره المضاد للبكتيريا.
(N. gonorrhoea).
#بكتيريا
#مايكرو
#respiratory_patho
Summary about pathology leacture
Bronchiectasis:abnormal..permanent..dilation of bronchi
😃asossciated with🦠suppurative inflammation+☢necrotic change
😁Causes:bronchial obstruction-acute infection-cystic fibrosis
📛affect lower lobes of lung (bilateral).
#باثو
Summary about pathology leacture
Bronchiectasis:abnormal..permanent..dilation of bronchi
😃asossciated with🦠suppurative inflammation+☢necrotic change
😁Causes:bronchial obstruction-acute infection-cystic fibrosis
📛affect lower lobes of lung (bilateral).
#باثو
#respiratory
♦️Pulmonary edema:
accumulation of fluid in alveolar space
♦️Cause by 3 maim mechanism:
1-increase hydrostatic p due to LHF
2- decrease the osmotic p due to liver cirrhosis
3-increase alveolar capillary permeability
♦️pathological features :
Cross..heavy ..bullky ..wet
Histologically ..dilated alveoli filled with fluid...congested alveolar capillary...Heart failure cells
#باثو
♦️Pulmonary edema:
accumulation of fluid in alveolar space
♦️Cause by 3 maim mechanism:
1-increase hydrostatic p due to LHF
2- decrease the osmotic p due to liver cirrhosis
3-increase alveolar capillary permeability
♦️pathological features :
Cross..heavy ..bullky ..wet
Histologically ..dilated alveoli filled with fluid...congested alveolar capillary...Heart failure cells
#باثو
#Endocrine
💊Octerotide:somatostain derivetive
*Uses for
1-carcinode tumor 🦠
2-gaintism
3-acromegaly
4-esophageal bleeding
5-glucagonoma & VIPoma
#فارما
💊Octerotide:somatostain derivetive
*Uses for
1-carcinode tumor 🦠
2-gaintism
3-acromegaly
4-esophageal bleeding
5-glucagonoma & VIPoma
#فارما
#Endocrine
#pituitary
💊ADH: Vasopressin
1-Desmopressin: act in V2 R
*uses:
1- primary D inspidues
2- hemophilia A
3-von Willebrand disease
S.E:hypontremia+water toxicity
2-Terlypressin:
Act in V1 R
*uses:
1-esophegeal bleeding
2- management of low blood pressure when norepinephrine does not help
S.E:hypertension
#فارما
#pituitary
💊ADH: Vasopressin
1-Desmopressin: act in V2 R
*uses:
1- primary D inspidues
2- hemophilia A
3-von Willebrand disease
S.E:hypontremia+water toxicity
2-Terlypressin:
Act in V1 R
*uses:
1-esophegeal bleeding
2- management of low blood pressure when norepinephrine does not help
S.E:hypertension
#فارما
#Endocrine
#calcium_effecting_hormones
♦️clinical features of hypercalcemia:
Bones,stones ..abdominal groans ,moans
.
Treatment:
💊N . S
💊bisphonate as pamidronate
💊calcitonine
💊furosemide
#فارما
#calcium_effecting_hormones
♦️clinical features of hypercalcemia:
Bones,stones ..abdominal groans ,moans
.
Treatment:
💊N . S
💊bisphonate as pamidronate
💊calcitonine
💊furosemide
#فارما
#Endocrine
#calcium_effecting_hormones
♦️Clinical uses of calcitonine:
1-Hypercalceuria
2-osteoprosis
3-pagets disease
#فارما
#calcium_effecting_hormones
♦️Clinical uses of calcitonine:
1-Hypercalceuria
2-osteoprosis
3-pagets disease
#فارما
#Endocrine
💊Bromocriptin :
Is dopamine agonist
Uses: acromegaly
Stoping the Lactation 👼
S.E: nausea🤢
Vomiting🤮
#فارما
💊Bromocriptin :
Is dopamine agonist
Uses: acromegaly
Stoping the Lactation 👼
S.E: nausea🤢
Vomiting🤮
#فارما
#Endocrine
#calcium_effecting_hormones
💊Sn...(strotium ranolat)
Uses in osteoprosis
S.E:bone pain
#فارما
#calcium_effecting_hormones
💊Sn...(strotium ranolat)
Uses in osteoprosis
S.E:bone pain
#فارما
#Endocrine
#calcium_effecting_hormones
♦️idiopathic hypercalciuria..hypocalcemia is treatment by Thiazide diuretics
♦️familial hyperclacemia hpocalciuria (FHH)
No has treatment
#فارما
#calcium_effecting_hormones
♦️idiopathic hypercalciuria..hypocalcemia is treatment by Thiazide diuretics
♦️familial hyperclacemia hpocalciuria (FHH)
No has treatment
#فارما
#GIT
#oral_cavity
📛 Leukoplakia:whitish-thicking-mucosal patches ,caused by hperkeratosis & parakeratosis ,and can,t be scarped off.
📛 Association with chronic irritation .
📛 Asually represented:
1-displasia
2-carcinoma in situ
#باثو
#oral_cavity
📛 Leukoplakia:whitish-thicking-mucosal patches ,caused by hperkeratosis & parakeratosis ,and can,t be scarped off.
📛 Association with chronic irritation .
📛 Asually represented:
1-displasia
2-carcinoma in situ
#باثو