هههههههههههام جداااااااااا
Key player in type 2 hypersensitivity is
AB Igm or igG
Surface antigen
Cytotoxic with inflammation or with out inflammation
Cell dysfunction

هههههههههام جدااااا
Key player in type 3 hypersensitivity is
Immune complex
Complement activation
C3a &c5a
Mast cell and neutrophils

هههههههههام جدااااا
Pencillin may work as
Allergen lead to type 1hypersensitivity
Bind to RBC lead to type 2 hypersensitivity
Bind with protein lead to immune complex then type 3 hypersensitivity
Engulf by APCS activate T helper then type 4 hypersensitivity

من هنا تجميعات لل DNA viruses

💥 H. pylori :

☄Diagnosis : ( invasive - non invasive)

- Invasive techniques :
Endoscopy and Biobsy ( histological examination, culture )

- Non- invasive :

a) Blood test : detects antibodies against H. pylori
b) Urea Breath test : drink solution which is Broken down by H. pylori and detected in breath
C) Stool test : H. pylori Antigens ( proteins )

☄ Treatment :
10 day to two weeks or one to two weeks
Triple Therapy:
2 antibiotics - PPI

1- Clarithromycin 500 mg
2- Amoxicillin 1G or ( Metronidazole 500 mg in case of penicillin allergy)

3- Omeprazol or Pantoprazol or Iansoprazol

#مايكرو
#بكتيريا
#فارما

Bacterial organelles:

1- DNA >> so called Nucleoid
2- Cytoplasmic membrane
3- Cell wall
4- Ribosome
5- Mesosomes
6- plasmid
7- Cytoplasmic Inclusion

And accessory structures :
- pilii
- capsule
- flagella


طبعا انتوا بتحاولوا تكون الرسمة بسيطة

#بكتيريا
#مايكرو

❤️❤️ medications used to treat tuberculosis include:

First line :

1-Isoniazid..
2-Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)
3-Ethambutol (Myambutol)
4-Pyrazinamide.

Second line :
5- Streptomycin
6- Thiacetazone

والدكتور عدنان كان كتب لنا Dexamethazone في حال وصل لل Meninges
وال Streptomycin اذا وصل للعظام

#بكتيريا
#مايكرو
#فارما

💐 The major Anti- Pseudomonal drugs :

1- Aminoglycosides
2- certain B-lactams : penciliins , ciprofloxacin , cephalosporines .
3- Polymyxins B and E ( colistin)

#بكتيريا
#مايكرو

💐 Pathogenicity of E. Coli

Either Diarrhea or illness outside the Intestinal tract

🌺 E. coli commen cause of diarrhea:
1- Infantile Gastroenteritis
2- Tourist diarrhea
3- Heamorrhagic :
a) Heamorrhagic colitis
b) hemolytic Ureamic syndrome

🌺 Sepsis :

1- urinary tract infections
2- wound infect
3- peritonitis
4- biliary tract infections
5- septiceamia
6- neonatal Meningitis

#مايكرو
#بكتيريا

Pyleonephritis
🌚The common causative agents are bacterial, including:-
1) Escherichia coli ( 60-70 %),
2) Staphylococcus saprophytics ,
3)Proteus mirabilis ,
4) Klebsiella ,
5) Streptococcus feccalis
6)psuedomonas Aeruginosa
7)staphylococcus aureus
8) Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ( renal tuberculosis)


💊Treatment:-
Antibiotics sensitivity
بعدين 8 drugs
● Trimethoprim
● Co- Trimexazole
● Ampicillin
● Co -Amoxiclav
●Nitrofurantion
● Nalidixic Acid
● Ciprofloxacin
● Cephalexin

حسب كتاب الدكتور

#بكتيريا
#نموذج

🌚Causative agent of Bacillary dysentery:-

Shigella spp., consisting of four serogroups, Shigella sonnei, Shigella boydii, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella dysenteriae.

💊 treatment :-
Antibiotics are rarely necessary for sonnie .
The more sever forms should be treated depending on Antibiotic sensitivity test.

Trimethoprim is a useful first line treatmen

( كما هو في كتاب الدكتور )
#بكتيريا
#نموذج

🤕Most common causes of Bacterial Diarrhoeal Diseases:-

1- campylobacter
Causing Diarrhea with blood and mucus ( c.jejuni ) >> enterocolitis
From animal gut by milk or meat

2- Salmonella
Asymptomatic infection are common
Many species produce enterotoxins like E.coli, other strain invade mucosa like Shegella
From animal gut by milk, egg ,meat

3- Shigella :-
Causes Bacillary dysentery ( sh : dysenteriae, flexeni ,Sonnei , bodyii)
From human gut by Feco-oral route ,fomite

4- Esch. Coli :-
Is part of normal flora of Gut , certain strains may cause Diarrhea mainly seen in 3 types of Diarrhea
( infantile Gastroenteritis, Traveller's Diarrhea, Heamorrhagic collitis or Heamorrhagic uremic Syndrome )

5- Staph .aureus
The classic Example of Toxic food poisoning due to ingestion of food contaminated with Enterotoxins of staph. Aureus
Source : septic lesion on food -handlers

6- Clostridium perfringens
Food poisoning by spore- bearing food ater8- 24 hours after ingestion of food

7- Clostridium difficle:-
As a side effect of Antibiotic therapy

8- Vibreo Cholera :-
Watery Diarrhea , ( Rice water Diarrhea may be associated with Dehydration


❗️❗️Effective means in preventing Feco-oral spread :-
1- sanitation:- adequate disposal of sewage
2- clean food and Safe water supply
3- personal hygiene ( Washing hands )

#بكتيريا
#نموذج

❗️Define the following Types of mutation in few wards:

1. Substitution:
Change of a single one base to one of the three other bases and result ofv alteration of the codon ! Either transition or Transversion

2. Deletion:
Lose of a base , effect the reading of subsequent triplets ( Frame shift mutation)

3. Insertion:
Insertion of Additional base or transposons ( Mobile DNA) also alter the frame reading

#بكتيريا
#نموذج

🍃🍃Name the toxins produced by Staph.aureus and their activities?

1- Enterotoxins :- cause vomiting and Diarrhea

2- Protein A :- Anti- Phagocytic

3- Toxic Shock syndrome toxin-1 :- Toxic Sock syndrome

4- Epidermolytic toxin A, B :- Epidermal splitting and exfoliation ( Skin Exfoliation) > Ritter- Lyell's disease

5- Heamolysin الفا بيتا جاما دلتا : Lysis of Erythrocytes

6- Coagulase :- clot plasma ( Localize the infection)

7- Fibrinolytase :- Lyses of Fibrin

8- catalase:- degredes H2o2 to h2O +o2

9- DNAase : Damage DNA
10- lipase :- lipolytic > Cell mambrane
11- hyaluronidase : Breakes Hyaluronic acid
12- Leucosidies :- Kill Leukocytes

#بكتيريا
#نموذج

🍄 What are the functions of Hospital sterilization and disinfection unit (HSDU):- .

1)Prepare packs of Sterilized dressings , equipment, etc
Then transported to various wards ,clinc and theatres .

2) disinfection of heat labile equipment

3) most of sterilization needs of the hospital are undertaken in the HSDU by specially trained and supervised staff .

#نموذج
#بكتيريا

💐💐Mention the reservoir or source and the main route of infection for the following diseases:-

• Plaque :-

Reservoir:- 🐀 rural or Sylvatic rats

Via vector which is the infected Flea ( Xenopsylla cheopis )

• Dysentery :-

Human beings are the main reservoir of Shigella

Source :- person to person through Feco-oral route


• haemophilus influenzae:-

Reservoir:- the normal flora ( endogenous)

Source of infection:- During expecturation the number of Hemophilus influenza increased

#نموذج
#بكتيريا

من هنا بداية حل اسئلة ال Short notes المذكورة في النماذج

المواضيع المهمة في ال GIT :

Q)Differentiate between ulcer and erosion?

صفحه 9
Tumer of salivary gland

صفحه 23
Defense mechanism

صفحه 25
الاثنين الجداول مهمه جدا

صفحه 28
الجدول مهم جدا جدا
Q)write short account on gastric carcinoma?

صفحه 30
Acute abdomen(Main causes)

صفحه 31
Acute appendicitis
(pathogenesis and morphology)


صفحه 32
Differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis

صفحه 47
IBD موضوع مهم
Crohn's disease موضوع مهم
Q) Extra Intestinal manifestation of Crohn's disease?


صفحه 51
الجدول مهمه جدا جدا

صفحه 53
Q) Compare between the neoplastic polyps or write short account?

صفحه 55
Colorectal carcinoma مهم

54
familial polyposis syndrome

56
adenoma carcinoma sequence مهم

58
Staging system of cancer colon مهم(Mcq)

#باثو

Cvs
1)what are the main complication of Vasculitis ?

2)write short account about stage of atherosclerosis?

3)write short acount about the complicated stage of atherosclerosis?

4)what are the pathological lesion of syphilitic aneurysm ?

5)what are the complication of aneurysm?

6)mention the cardiac manifestation of rheumatic fever ?

7)what are the main characteristic features of acute Vasculitis?

8)write short account on characteristic features of arteriosclerosis?

9)Characteristic features of benign hypertention?


أسئله المحاضرات :
1)write feature of kawasaki disease?
2)pathological change of syphilis anyresm?
3)write major features of RHF?
4) Pathway of infective vegetation?