هذا كمان سؤال في المحاضرة مع الإجابة تبعه
#موفقين

هههههههههههام جداااااااااا
Key player in type 2 hypersensitivity is
AB Igm or igG
Surface antigen
Cytotoxic with inflammation or with out inflammation
Cell dysfunction

هههههههههام جدااااا
Key player in type 3 hypersensitivity is
Immune complex
Complement activation
C3a &c5a
Mast cell and neutrophils

هههههههههام جدااااا
Pencillin may work as
Allergen lead to type 1hypersensitivity
Bind to RBC lead to type 2 hypersensitivity
Bind with protein lead to immune complex then type 3 hypersensitivity
Engulf by APCS activate T helper then type 4 hypersensitivity

من هنا تجميعات لل DNA viruses

💥 H. pylori :

☄Diagnosis : ( invasive - non invasive)

- Invasive techniques :
Endoscopy and Biobsy ( histological examination, culture )

- Non- invasive :

a) Blood test : detects antibodies against H. pylori
b) Urea Breath test : drink solution which is Broken down by H. pylori and detected in breath
C) Stool test : H. pylori Antigens ( proteins )

☄ Treatment :
10 day to two weeks or one to two weeks
Triple Therapy:
2 antibiotics - PPI

1- Clarithromycin 500 mg
2- Amoxicillin 1G or ( Metronidazole 500 mg in case of penicillin allergy)

3- Omeprazol or Pantoprazol or Iansoprazol

#مايكرو
#بكتيريا
#فارما

Bacterial organelles:

1- DNA >> so called Nucleoid
2- Cytoplasmic membrane
3- Cell wall
4- Ribosome
5- Mesosomes
6- plasmid
7- Cytoplasmic Inclusion

And accessory structures :
- pilii
- capsule
- flagella


طبعا انتوا بتحاولوا تكون الرسمة بسيطة

#بكتيريا
#مايكرو

❤️❤️ medications used to treat tuberculosis include:

First line :

1-Isoniazid..
2-Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)
3-Ethambutol (Myambutol)
4-Pyrazinamide.

Second line :
5- Streptomycin
6- Thiacetazone

والدكتور عدنان كان كتب لنا Dexamethazone في حال وصل لل Meninges
وال Streptomycin اذا وصل للعظام

#بكتيريا
#مايكرو
#فارما

💐 The major Anti- Pseudomonal drugs :

1- Aminoglycosides
2- certain B-lactams : penciliins , ciprofloxacin , cephalosporines .
3- Polymyxins B and E ( colistin)

#بكتيريا
#مايكرو

💐 Pathogenicity of E. Coli

Either Diarrhea or illness outside the Intestinal tract

🌺 E. coli commen cause of diarrhea:
1- Infantile Gastroenteritis
2- Tourist diarrhea
3- Heamorrhagic :
a) Heamorrhagic colitis
b) hemolytic Ureamic syndrome

🌺 Sepsis :

1- urinary tract infections
2- wound infect
3- peritonitis
4- biliary tract infections
5- septiceamia
6- neonatal Meningitis

#مايكرو
#بكتيريا

Pyleonephritis
🌚The common causative agents are bacterial, including:-
1) Escherichia coli ( 60-70 %),
2) Staphylococcus saprophytics ,
3)Proteus mirabilis ,
4) Klebsiella ,
5) Streptococcus feccalis
6)psuedomonas Aeruginosa
7)staphylococcus aureus
8) Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ( renal tuberculosis)


💊Treatment:-
Antibiotics sensitivity
بعدين 8 drugs
● Trimethoprim
● Co- Trimexazole
● Ampicillin
● Co -Amoxiclav
●Nitrofurantion
● Nalidixic Acid
● Ciprofloxacin
● Cephalexin

حسب كتاب الدكتور

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#نموذج

🌚Causative agent of Bacillary dysentery:-

Shigella spp., consisting of four serogroups, Shigella sonnei, Shigella boydii, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella dysenteriae.

💊 treatment :-
Antibiotics are rarely necessary for sonnie .
The more sever forms should be treated depending on Antibiotic sensitivity test.

Trimethoprim is a useful first line treatmen

( كما هو في كتاب الدكتور )
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#نموذج

🤕Most common causes of Bacterial Diarrhoeal Diseases:-

1- campylobacter
Causing Diarrhea with blood and mucus ( c.jejuni ) >> enterocolitis
From animal gut by milk or meat

2- Salmonella
Asymptomatic infection are common
Many species produce enterotoxins like E.coli, other strain invade mucosa like Shegella
From animal gut by milk, egg ,meat

3- Shigella :-
Causes Bacillary dysentery ( sh : dysenteriae, flexeni ,Sonnei , bodyii)
From human gut by Feco-oral route ,fomite

4- Esch. Coli :-
Is part of normal flora of Gut , certain strains may cause Diarrhea mainly seen in 3 types of Diarrhea
( infantile Gastroenteritis, Traveller's Diarrhea, Heamorrhagic collitis or Heamorrhagic uremic Syndrome )

5- Staph .aureus
The classic Example of Toxic food poisoning due to ingestion of food contaminated with Enterotoxins of staph. Aureus
Source : septic lesion on food -handlers

6- Clostridium perfringens
Food poisoning by spore- bearing food ater8- 24 hours after ingestion of food

7- Clostridium difficle:-
As a side effect of Antibiotic therapy

8- Vibreo Cholera :-
Watery Diarrhea , ( Rice water Diarrhea may be associated with Dehydration


❗️❗️Effective means in preventing Feco-oral spread :-
1- sanitation:- adequate disposal of sewage
2- clean food and Safe water supply
3- personal hygiene ( Washing hands )

#بكتيريا
#نموذج

❗️Define the following Types of mutation in few wards:

1. Substitution:
Change of a single one base to one of the three other bases and result ofv alteration of the codon ! Either transition or Transversion

2. Deletion:
Lose of a base , effect the reading of subsequent triplets ( Frame shift mutation)

3. Insertion:
Insertion of Additional base or transposons ( Mobile DNA) also alter the frame reading

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#نموذج

🍃🍃Name the toxins produced by Staph.aureus and their activities?

1- Enterotoxins :- cause vomiting and Diarrhea

2- Protein A :- Anti- Phagocytic

3- Toxic Shock syndrome toxin-1 :- Toxic Sock syndrome

4- Epidermolytic toxin A, B :- Epidermal splitting and exfoliation ( Skin Exfoliation) > Ritter- Lyell's disease

5- Heamolysin الفا بيتا جاما دلتا : Lysis of Erythrocytes

6- Coagulase :- clot plasma ( Localize the infection)

7- Fibrinolytase :- Lyses of Fibrin

8- catalase:- degredes H2o2 to h2O +o2

9- DNAase : Damage DNA
10- lipase :- lipolytic > Cell mambrane
11- hyaluronidase : Breakes Hyaluronic acid
12- Leucosidies :- Kill Leukocytes

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#نموذج

🍄 What are the functions of Hospital sterilization and disinfection unit (HSDU):- .

1)Prepare packs of Sterilized dressings , equipment, etc
Then transported to various wards ,clinc and theatres .

2) disinfection of heat labile equipment

3) most of sterilization needs of the hospital are undertaken in the HSDU by specially trained and supervised staff .

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#بكتيريا

💐💐Mention the reservoir or source and the main route of infection for the following diseases:-

• Plaque :-

Reservoir:- 🐀 rural or Sylvatic rats

Via vector which is the infected Flea ( Xenopsylla cheopis )

• Dysentery :-

Human beings are the main reservoir of Shigella

Source :- person to person through Feco-oral route


• haemophilus influenzae:-

Reservoir:- the normal flora ( endogenous)

Source of infection:- During expecturation the number of Hemophilus influenza increased

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#بكتيريا

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