Surgical notes
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Forwarded from ๐Ÿ“–
โญ• Ganglion cells "found inside the nerve bundle"

๐Ÿ”ถ Feature: Large cells with basophilic cytoplasm and eccentric nucleus. (Arrow)
Forwarded from ๐Ÿ“–
โญ• Diagnosis: Crohn's Disease (CD)
It is an inflammation that includes all layers of the GIT (mucosa, submucosa, musclaris propria and serosa). It occurs mostly in the terminal ileum.

๐Ÿ”ถ Feature:
-Not all Parts of the mucosa are affected, there are some skip lesions.
-liner ulcers (grooves) and normal mucosa in between the ulcers
-round ulcers
Forwarded from ๐Ÿ“–
โญ• Diagnosis: Crohn's Disease
(gross and microscopic)
๐Ÿ”ถ Feature:
-Fissuring
-The previously mentioned features
Forwarded from ๐Ÿ“–
โญ• Diagnosis: Crohn's Disease

๐Ÿ”ถ Feature:
-Cobblestone appearance:-
The grooves are the ulcerated parts in between them the normal parts (skip lesions).
Forwarded from ๐Ÿ“–
โญ• Diagnosis: Crohn's Disease (microscopic)

๐Ÿ”ถ Feature: 1st picture shows the skip lesions 2nd picture shows Inflammatory cells in all wall layers
Forwarded from ๐Ÿ“–
โญ• Diagnosis: Crohn's Disease

๐Ÿ”ถ Feature: Granuloma (arrows)
Forwarded from ๐Ÿ“–
โญ• Diagnosis: Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
It is an inflammation that usually affects the mucosa and may reach the submucosa of the large intestine.

๐Ÿ”ถ Feature:
-Inflammatory pseudopolyps (the polyps are formed from the aggregating lymphocytes)
-No skip lesions (the whole layer is ulcerated)
Forwarded from ๐Ÿ“–
โญ• Diagnosis: Ulcerative Colitis (microscopic)

๐Ÿ”ถ Feature:
-Crypt abscess (aggregation of neutrophils)
-The whole thickness of the mucosa is inflamed
Forwarded from ๐Ÿ“–
โญ• Diagnosis: Familial Polyposis Coli (FPC)

๐Ÿ”ถ Feature: The presence of Adenomatous polyps:-
-Scattered polyps with normal mucosa (Picture B)

-Multiple polyps (Pre-cancerous) covering the whole section (Picture D)
Forwarded from ๐Ÿ“–
โญ• Diagnosis: FPC "Adenoma" under the microscope

๐Ÿ”ถ Feature:
Dysplastic changes:-
1- Hyperchromatic cells present in different levels
2-Stratification
ูƒุฐุง ู†ูƒูˆู† ูˆุตู„ู†ุง ู„ุขุฎุฑ ู…ุญุทุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุชู†ุง ู„ู…ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุจุงุซูˆุŒ

ู†ุญูŠูŠ ู…ู† ุดุบุงู ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ุฃุนุถุงุก ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุจุงุซูˆ ูˆูƒู„ ู…ู† ุณุงู‡ู… ู…ุนุงู†ุง ุชุญูŠุฉ ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ู„ุฌู‡ุฏู‡ู… ูˆุฏุฃุจู‡ู… ูˆู†ุดุงุทู‡ู… ูˆุชูุงู†ูŠู‡ู…ุŒ

ุฌุฒุงู‡ู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฎูŠุฑุง ูˆุฃุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู‚ุฏุฑู‡ู… ูˆุฑูุน ู…ู†ุฒู„ุชู‡ู… ูˆุจุงุฑูƒ ู„ู‡ู… ููŠ ุฃูˆู‚ุงุชู‡ู…ุŒ

ู†ู„ูุช ุฃูŠุถุงุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ุŒ

*ุนูŠู†ุฒู„ ู…ู„ู ูŠุฌู…ุน ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุงุช ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุชุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุบูŠุซ/ู‡ุงุดู… ุงู„ุณูˆุงุฑูŠุŒ
ูˆุนูŠุฑุงุฌุนู‡ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ูˆุถุงุญ ุน ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจูŠู† ุฃูŠุฏูŠูƒู… ู‚ุจูŠู„ ู…ูˆุนุฏ ุงู„ุฅุฎุชุจุงุฑุŒ

*ู…ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ูƒุงู†ุณุฑ ู…ุง ูˆุตู„ู†ุงุด ุญู‚ู‡ ุงู„pdfุŒ
ูˆู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุนูŠุถูŠู ู„ู†ุง ุณู„ุงูŠุฏุงุช ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุง ูŠุฑุงุฌุน ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ู„ูุŒ

*ุนู†ุฌู…ุน ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุงุช ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ- "ู…ุนุฏู„ุฉ" ุจุญุณุจ ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ- ู…ุน ุงู„ุดุฑูˆุญ ู„ู…ู† ูŠุญุจ ูŠุณุชููŠุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉุŒ

ูˆุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆู„ูŠ ุงู„ุชูˆููŠู‚ุŒ

ูˆ ู„ุง ุชู†ุณูˆู†ุง ู…ู† ุฎุงู„ุต ุฏุนุงุฆูƒู…ุŒ
Forwarded from Fallen in Medicine ๐ŸŒš๐Ÿ’‰ (Mr. S. Alduais)
โšซ๏ธ Pathology lab Index:

-cell injury:
https://t.me/batch34notes/984

- Inflammation:
https://t.me/batch34notes/1052

- Repair:
https://t.me/batch34notes/1090

- Hemodynamic :
https://t.me/batch34notes/1102

- Immunpathology :
https://t.me/batch34notes/1178

- Genetics :
https://t.me/batch34notes/1214

- Slides of Last lecture "Eams's example" :
https://t.me/batch34notes/1348

- Vascular pathology :
https://t.me/batch34notes/1367

- CVS pathology :
https://t.me/batch34notes/1396

- Respiratory System pathology :
https://t.me/batch34notes/1459

- GIT pathology :
https://t.me/batch34notes/1499

ุฃุถุบุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุท ูˆ ุจุชูˆุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ูƒู„ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู†ุดุฑุญ .
ู†ุชู‚ุฏู… ุจุฎุงู„ุต ุงู„ุนุฒุงุก ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุงุณุงุฉ ู„ุฒู…ูŠู„ุชู†ุง / ุฒู‡ุฑุงุก ุนุจุฏุงู„ุญูƒูŠู… ุงู„ุดุนูŠุจูŠ ููŠ ูˆูุงุฉ ุงู„ู…ุบููˆุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ุจุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฃุฎุชู‡ุง ๐Ÿ’”
ุณุฃู„ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนุฒ ูˆุฌู„ ุงู† ูŠุฑุญู…ู‡ุง ูˆูŠุบูุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ูˆูŠุณูƒู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุงุชุจ ุงู„ูุฑุฏูˆุณ ุงู„ุงุนู„ู‰ ู…ุน ุงู„ุตุฏูŠู‚ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุดู‡ุฏุงุก
ูˆุงู† ูŠู„ู‡ู… ุงู‡ู„ ูˆุฐูˆูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุตุจุฑ ูˆุงู„ุณู„ูˆุงู† ูˆ ูŠุซุจุชู‡ู… ูˆูŠุนุตู… ู‚ู„ูˆุจู‡ู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุตุงุจ ุงู„ุฌู„ู„
ูˆุฅู†ุง ู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุฅู†ุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุฑุงุฌุนูˆู† ๐Ÿ˜ญ๐Ÿ’”
Bradykinin is converted into inactive metabolites by
#Angiotensin_converting_enzyme
therfore ACE-Is :
#Angiotensin_converting_enzyme_inhibitors
(Captopril, Ramipril, Enalapril , Moxeipril...etc)
lead to accumulation of bradykinin ----> Irritation of cough receptors----> Dry Cough
------------------------------------------------------------------------
N.B :
In case of intolerance to ACE-Is due to dry cough, the good alternative vasodilators are
#Angiotensin_receptors_blockers(ARBs) (Candesartan, Olmesartan, Valsartan....etc)
__________________________________

#ูุงุฑู…ุง
ุฅุฐุง ุฌุงู„ูƒ ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุจูŠุงุฎุฏ
Theophylline (or Aminophylline)
ู…ู…ู†ูˆุน ุชุฏูŠู‡ ุฃูŠ Antibiotic ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู‡ุฐูŠ
Erythromycin , Clarithromycin , Ciprofloxacin Pefloxacin and Rifampicin.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ู„ุฅู† ุจุจุณุงุทู‡ ุงู„
Theophylline ------------> Narrow theraputic index
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ูุฑู‚
ุจูŠู† ุงู„ Therapeutic dose ูˆุงู„ Toxic dose ุตุบูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง ูˆุงุญู†ุง ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุฅู† ุงู„
๐ŸƒErythromycin
๐ŸƒClarithromycin
๐ŸƒCiprofloxacin
๐ŸƒPefloxacin

are Enzyme Inhibitors (CYP 1A2 & CYP 3A4)

N.B
๐Ÿ‚Rifampicin
is enzyme inducer Not inhibitor
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ุช ุฃูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุฃูˆู„_ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู‡ูŠู‚ู„ู„
Clearance of Theophylline
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ุณุชูˆุงู‡ ู ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฒู…ุง ูˆู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„
Serious_side_effects
e.g : Tachycardia, Tremors , Convulsions , Cardiac arrest , Respiratory failure...etc

ุฃู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ุช Rifampicin ุฏู‡ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„
Side effects
ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู‡ูŠู‚ู„ู„ ุงู„ Effect ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ Theophylline
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุจุฅุฎุชุตุงุฑ
ุงู„ Antibiotics ุงู„ู…ู…ู†ูˆุนูŠู† ู…ู† ุนูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ Quniolones
" Ciprofloxacin and Pefloxacin "
ู„ูƒู† ุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู…
Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin ,Gemifloxacin.....etc
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ูˆุงู„ Antibiotics ุงู„ู…ู…ู†ูˆุนูŠู† ู…ู† ุนูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ Macrolides
" Erythromycin and Clarithromycin "
ู„ูƒู† ุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู…
Azithromycin
---------------------------------------------------------------

#ูุงุฑู…ุง
ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ๐Ÿ€๐Ÿ€

ุชุนุฏูŠู„ ููŠ ู…ู„ุฎุต ุงู„ Anti cancer
ุตูุญุฉ 12
Small separated dose โŽ

Small pulsatile dose โœ…
____________________________
๐Ÿ›‘ู„ู„ุชูˆุถูŠุญ :
ููŠ ู…ู„ุฎุต ุงู„ DM ุตูุญุฉ 60
ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู‚ุงู„ ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุฏูŠุงุจุชุณ ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุณูƒุฑ ุงู„ุฏู… ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆุฃุฑุจุนูŠู† ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ูƒูˆู…ุง ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆุณุจุนูŠู† ู…ู„ ู…ู†.
""(dextrose 20%)"" ู‡ุฐุง ุงุณู…ู‡...
ูˆุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุชูˆูุฑ ููŠ ุฃู…ุจูˆู„ุงุช ูƒู„ ุฃู…ุจูˆู„ ูŠุญูˆูŠ ุนุดุฑูŠู† ู…ู„ ุŒุŒุŒุŒุŒุŒ ูˆู‚ุงู„ ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุด ุดุฑุท ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ุดุฑุท ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆุงู„ุณุจุนูŠู† ู…ู„ ูƒุงู…ู„ . ู‚ุงู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ ุฃู…ุจูˆู„ุชูŠู† ูˆู†ุต ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง....

ูู„ูˆ ุงุนุทูŠู†ุงู‡ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุฃุฑุจุน ุฅู„ุง ุฑุจุน (3.75) ุฃู…ุจูˆู„
____________________________
ูˆุงูŠุถุง ู…ู„ุฎุต ุงู„ DM ุตูุญุฉ 64
Osmolality of blood
>320 mmol/l โŽ
>320 mOsm/l โœ…
________________________

๐Ÿ›‘ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุฅุถุงูุงุช ู…ู† ู…ู„ุฎุต ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ :
ููŠ ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ infectious diseases
ููŠ ุงุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡... ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู… ุชุถุงู
ูˆุจู‚ุณู… ุงู„
Anti cancer & female diseases in endocrine
ููŠ ู…ูˆุงุถูŠุน ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ุฏุฑุณูˆู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ูˆุงุญู†ุง ู…ุง ุฏุฑุณู†ุงู‡ ูˆุฎุตูˆุตุง ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุงู†ุณุฑ ูˆ ุณุฃู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุฑุฉ ุจุฎุตูˆุตู‡ุง ูˆ ู‚ุงู„ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุจู…ุง ุฏุฑุณุชู…......
_____________________

#ูุงุฑู…ุง
#ุงู„ู„ุฌู†ุฉ_ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ
Forwarded from GROUP 3 Third year
Forwarded from GROUP 3 Third year
Mucinous & serous tumors of the ovary
๐Ÿพ๐ŸพSeveral vertically transmitted infections are included in the (TORCH) complex, which stands for:

T โ€“ Toxoplasmosis / Toxoplasma gondii.
O โ€“ Other infections (see below)
R โ€“ Rubella
C โ€“ Cytomegalovirus
H โ€“ Herpes simplex virus-2 or neonatal herpes simplex

"Other infections" include:

Parvovirus B19
Coxsackievirus
Chickenpox (caused by varicella zoster virus)
Chlamydia
HIV

#ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช
#ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆ
Owl's eye appearance of inclusion bodies, which is highly specific for cytomegalovirus infection

#ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช
๐ŸŒธ One of the herpsviridae characters is Latency ;

๐ŸŒธVirus latency is the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell.

Until There is an endogenous Reactavation like Stress , ..etc
... it Shows secondary infection

Where it remains Dormant ?!

โœจ HSV-1 :- Trigminal Ganglia ( OroFacial)
โœจ HSV - 2 :- Sacral Ganglia ( Urogenital)
โœจVSV :- Dorsal roat Ganglia
โœจ EBV :- B- cells ( 3Bs)
โœจ CMV :- Leukocytes and kidney ( organ Transplant )
โœจ HHV-6 / HHV-7 :- T Lymphocytes
โœจ HHV -8 :- Endothelial cells ( Kaposi's Sarcoma )

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