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Europe sought to replenish their guards exclusively with the Swiss. The brightest in the life of the European peasantry was probably the period from 1100 to 1300. The peasants plowed more and more lands, applied various technical innovations in the cultivation of fields, studied gardening, horticulture and viticulture. There was enough food for everyone, and the population in Europe increased rapidly. Peasants who could not find work in the countryside went to the cities, where they were engaged in trade and crafts. But by 1300, the possibilities for the development of the peasant economy were exhausted - there were no more undeveloped lands, the old fields were depleted, the cities increasingly closed their gates to uninvited newcomers. It became more and more difficult to feed oneself, and the peasants, weakened by poor nutrition and periodic hunger, became the first victims of infectious diseases. The plague epidemics that tormented Europe from 1350 to 1700 showed that the population had reached its limit and could no longer increase.

At this time, the European peasantry entered a difficult period in its history. Dangers are piling up from all sides: in addition to the usual threat of hunger, there are also diseases, and the greed of the royal tax collectors, and attempts at enslavement by the local feudal lord. The villager has to be extremely careful if he wants to survive in these new conditions. It’s good when there are few hungry mouths in the house, so the peasants of the late Middle Ages get married late and have children late. France in the 16th and 17th centuries there was such a custom: the son could bring the bride to the house of his parents only when his father or mother was no longer alive. Two families could not sit on the same plot of land - the harvest was barely enough for one couple with their offspring.



The peasants' caution was manifested not only in planning their family life. Peasants, for example, were distrustful of the market and preferred to produce the things they needed themselves rather than buy them. From their point of view, they were certainly right, because price fluctuations and the cunning of urban merchants placed the peasants in too strong and risky dependence on market affairs. Only in the most developed regions of Europe - Northern Italy, the Netherlands, the lands on the Rhine, near cities such as London and Paris - the peasants already from the 13th century. actively traded agricultural products in the markets and bought the products of artisans they needed there. In most other areas of Western Europe, rural residents up to the 18th century. they produced everything they needed on their own farms; they came to the markets only occasionally to pay the quitrent to the seigneur with the proceeds.

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