The Structured Atom Model
https://structuredatom.org/

The Structured Atom Model proposes that atomic nuclei possess definite geometric structures rather than chaotic arrangements of particles. Developed by Edo Kaal and collaborators between 2006 and 2019, SAM challenges the neutron as a fundamental particle and replaces quantum mechanical descriptions with visual, intuitive geometry based on electrostatic forces and densest packing principles. The model generates three-dimensional configurations for elements across the periodic table, correlating nuclear structure with observed properties like valence, stability, and binding energy.

The nucleus contains only protons and electrons, not protons and neutrons. This fundamental redefinition stems from a simple observation: free neutrons decay into a proton and electron within minutes of leaving the nucleus. What physicists call a neutron represents an unstable proton-electron pair held together electrostatically. Inside the nucleus, electrons nestle between protons and prevent them from flying apart through electrostatic attraction. No strong force required. No weak force needed. Just electricity.

Protons cluster into repeating geometric shapes called nuclets, stacking like molecular building blocks. The basic unit is deuterium: two protons with an electron sandwiched between them. These pairs arrange themselves according to densest packing principles, forming tetrahedrons and icosahedrons, the platonic solids that nature prefers. Four nuclet types exist, named after where they first appear: Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, and Carbon. Elements grow by adding nuclets in a branching tree pattern, splitting from one central nuclet into two branches, then four, then eight.

This branching architecture explains periodicity in the periodic table. Alkali metals like lithium, sodium, and potassium each display one active lithium nuclet at their surface. Carbon group elements each expose one active carbon nuclet. Noble gases show only neutral endings with no connection points available, making them chemically inert. The geometry determines everything: valence, isotope stability, atomic weight, nuclear spin. Structure dictates properties.

As nuclei grow beyond iron, branches begin competing for the same space, creating internal stress. This stress energy stores enormous potential in heavy nuclei like uranium. Fission releases this tension by snapping off branches rather than splitting atoms randomly. When uranium breaks, one branch carries fewer nucleons while another carries more, explaining the asymmetric double-peak mass distribution that puzzled physicists for decades. The branches were always there. Lead marks the stability limit because branches physically interfere at that point, making all heavier elements inherently unstable.

LENR & Transmutation
Low Energy Nuclear Reactions represent the most promising application of the Structured Atom Model. Unlike hot fusion requiring stellar temperatures and pressures, LENR occurs at modest energies when electrical conditions allow nuclei to accept additional protons or deuterons at specific attachment points. The model predicts which isotopes will accept particles and where reactions will occur based on visible structural features.

Nuclear reactions follow four pathways: radioactive decay ejecting electrons from the nucleus, electron and proton capture adding particles to attachment points, hot fusion combining deuterium nuclets at high temperatures, and cold fusion involving cluster additions at lower energies. Transmutations depend critically on isotope receptivity and environmental factors including plasma formation, electric field strength, ionization levels, and catalyst materials. Getting these conditions right explains why early cold fusion experiments produced irreproducible results while recent work shows consistent excess heat and elemental transmutations.

The SAFIRE project demonstrated controlled transmutation by disintegrating tungsten anodes in highly charged plasma environments, producing lanthanum, cerium, barium, sodium, and manganese consistent with branch fission predictions. Mizuno's palladium electrolysis experiments running for years generated chromium, iron, manganese, and copper alongside massive excess heat output. Crucially, isotope ratios in the palladium changed during operation, proving nuclear reactions occurred rather than contamination. Iwamura's Mitsubishi experiments showed cesium gradually decreasing while praseodymium increased through controlled deuterium gas permeation, adding deuterons sequentially to transform one element into another.

Traditional LENR suffered from lack of repeatability because experimenters didn't understand which specific isotopes would react or why certain electrode materials worked while others failed. SAM reveals that monoisotopic experiments using specific isotopes receptive to deuteron capture at visible structural locations offer the path forward. The model shows exactly where particles attach, which nuclet configurations accept additions, and what products form. This transforms LENR from mysterious anomaly to engineerable process.

Applications extend far beyond energy production. Transmutation could remediate nuclear waste by converting long-lived radioactive isotopes into stable elements. Medical isotope production could shift from reactor-based to bench-top systems. Industrial chemistry could synthesize rare elements on demand rather than mining them. The agricultural sector could produce needed elements for fertilizers through biological transmutations, similar to how chickens transmute potassium plus hydrogen into calcium for eggshells.

Geological evidence suggests transmutations occur naturally in Earth's crust through electrical discharge channels. Mineral vein structures containing concentrated deposits of specific metals appear to form through plasma-induced fusion reactions during primordial electrical events. Oxygen and carbon fuse into silicon, explaining dolomite formation patterns where magnesium depletes while silicon and calcium accumulate. Black smokers at mid-ocean ridges likely produce sulfur through oxygen-oxygen fusion in plasma conditions. Understanding these natural transmutation pathways offers clues for optimizing laboratory LENR systems.

The model provides the missing theoretical framework that LENR researchers have sought since 1989. By visualizing nuclear structure and identifying receptive attachment sites, experimenters can design targeted reactions rather than hoping for chance successes. This shifts the field from pathological science to predictive engineering.

Colour | Rudolf Steiner
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9PX2hgMYsE
https://rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA291/

In this book Rudolf Steiner treats colour as an objective spiritual reality that belongs to the spiritual structure of the world, not as a mere optical sensation. He builds a fourfold circle of basic “picture colours”: black, green, peach‑blossom (the general human skin tone), and white, and connects each with a level of existence. Black is “the spiritual image of the lifeless,” green “the lifeless image of life,” peach‑blossom “the living image of the soul,” and white “the psychic image of the spirit,” so mineral, plant, ensouled animal–human, and spiritual human are all mirrored in colour like a sequence of portraits. The greenness of plants is said not to be the etheric body itself but its mineral image, no more identical with the living plant than an ancestor’s portrait is with the ancestor; what we really see is life casting a lifeless green picture of itself into space. By contrast, healthy flesh‑colour is described as the way the soul experiences itself in the body: when the psychic element withdraws, the complexion goes green, when it inhabits the body in a sound way, it shines out in a delicate peach‑blossom tone that hardly occurs elsewhere in nature.
​

Light and darkness become for Steiner the great cosmic poles out of which colour is born, and at the same time they are the outer face of thought and will. Light itself is never directly seen, only colours “caught and reflected,” yet waking in brightness makes the I feel itself present, so he formulates: “White or light represents the psychic image of the spirit.” Blackness, approached through the example of carbon and charcoal, is hostile to life and drives it out, yet in “awful blackness” the soul slips away while the spirit can penetrate and work, which leads to the matching formula “Black represents the spiritual image of the lifeless.” Later lectures turn this into a picture of the whole cosmos: what we call physical light is “dying world‑thought,” the last gleam of ancient thinking beings whose thoughts have become objective radiance, while darkness and weight are the outer aspect of will, containing the seeds of worlds that have not yet emerged. Human sleep and waking are then described as a continual swing between life in light, where the ego and astral body move in a weightless field of free colour and sound not yet bound by dimension, number, and weight, and life in weight, where, through the etheric‑physical organism, the soul becomes psychically aware of heaviness and resistance. Truth, beauty, and goodness are tied to these states: sleep is the condition through which we come into real relation with things themselves and so with truth, dream is a softened approach to “chaos” and the inner source of beauty, and full wakefulness is the sphere where the good or evil use of will is decided.

Again and again Steiner asks readers and listeners to test these ideas through vivid “colour‑experiences.” We are to imagine three identical green surfaces, or a green meadow, and place on them red, peach‑coloured, or blue figures: red makes the green “begin veritably to burn” and demands that the figures dance and dart about, peach‑blossom figures can stand there “for all eternity” without disturbing the scene, and blue figures deaden the green, draw the meadow into themselves, and finally seem to carry it away over an abyss until it vanishes. On the physical and artistic side he describes letting yellow and blue rays fall from opposite sides into a quiescent white field to generate green, and, by contrast, letting a vibrating alternation of black and white be permeated by red to produce the elusive peach‑blossom colour that truly belongs to the healthy human being. He analyses how yellow wants to shine strongest in the middle and pale toward the edge, how blue heaps its intensity at the border and softens inward, and how red stays as a quiet, even surface, and he draws practical consequences for landscape painting, still life, and the depiction of minerals, plants, animals, and human beings. When he criticizes physicists’ talk of colour as “undulatory movements of the very finest substance, known as ether,” he is targeting the old reductionist, wave‑based ether theories that imagine ether as an atomistic, ultra‑rarified stuff. He contrasts this with the living etheric body of the plant with the different ethers (warmth, light, chemical, life) as real formative conditions rather than a dead medium;. For more info on why ether is not a rarefied substance check out this older post on the AF Channel here: https://t.me/aetherforceposts/3172.

New Eyes for Plants - A Workbook for Plant Observation |Margaret Colquhoun

Margaret Colquhoun and Axel Ewald developed their methodology through Life Science Seminar courses beginning in 1990. The workbook opens with a simple question: how do you tell a potato from a stone ? Both are rounded, heavy, hard. Both cast shadows. But potatoes change in time out of themselves. Left in a cellar, they shrivel and sprout by early spring across the entire northern hemisphere. Stones do not. This self-impelled development reveals an inner lawfulness that outer conditions alone cannot account for. The distinction traces back to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's scientific approach, later expanded by Rudolf Steiner into what he called "exact sensorial fantasy". The core discovery concerns plant metamorphosis visible in leaf sequences. Leaves begin simple and rounded with long stems at the plant base. They grow increasingly complex and indented through the middle sections. Near the top, directly below flowers, they simplify again into triangular forms attached without stalks. Groundsel, cuckoo flower, field scabious, and musk mallow each demonstrate these expansion and contraction patterns.

Three drawing methods train perception. The first requires standing at an easel, tracing structures from root to crown while keeping eyes on the plant itself. Hogweed skeletons in winter reveal this structural clarity. The second method involves studying a subject for 30 to 40 minutes, then drawing it hours or days later from memory alone. Oak trees work particularly well because their gesture alternates between burgeoning life and holding back. The third approach documents development at regular intervals. Snowdrops emerge from January through April. Horse chestnut buds unfurl from February to mid-April. After capturing these stages, you animate them mentally by flowing imagination through the gaps. Related exercises include pulling brushes through water-glycerine mixtures with metallic paint. The resulting flow patterns mirror the structure inside bulbs. Pressed leaf sequences arranged in developmental order test whether you can recognize the laws operating.

The "eye of the leaf" marks where growth concentrates. This fulcral point between leaf and stem holds compressed potential. In bulbs, the stem contracts to a cone where leaves spiral tightly. Daughter bulbs form in these leaf axils. Tree buds pack leaves concentrically around stem cones, each attachment marking a future bud site. Water experiments show rhythmical sheath patterns structurally identical to embryonic plant organization. The vortex provides the spatial archetype. Leaves unfurl spirally from growing tips into this invisible form. Germination reveals another principle: radicles grow downward toward earth center regardless of how you orient the seed. Only after roots establish does the plumule emerge upward. The hypocotyl between cotyledons serves as transformation center. Monocots produce one seed leaf with parallel veins and simpler development. Dicots produce two seed leaves with net veins and complex development. Regular practice with imaginative thinking develops conscious perception of thought as formative force. The same faculty that builds human organisms during childhood generates plant structures through seasonal cycles.

Radionics | Bruce Copen

Bruce Copen (1923-1998) founded Bruce Copen Laboratories in Sussex, England, devoting five decades to developing radionic instruments and authoring over 60 books establishing radionics as a true science in its own right. His pioneering work produced a comprehensive range of radionic computers including the MK series with various models (MK2, MK22, MK24, MK26, MK28) distinguished by memory capacity from 0 to 8 memory locations, and the advanced MARS III featuring expanded memory banks up to 32 locations, integrated acupuncture meridian rate systems correlating organ systems with traditional Chinese medicine channels, automatic simile finder capabilities, and computer interface connectivity. These hand-built devices represented refinement of equipment from earlier researchers including Dr. Albert Abrams and Dr. Ruth Drown, perfected until even amateurs with no previous knowledge could unfold the secrets of nature without pre-technical education.

Radionics represents a science of radiation detection using the extra sensory perception of the operator and automatic instruments. The underlying principle conveys that we live in a Universe of moving, seething atoms both from within and without. Every living cell moves through life cycles whose atomic particles create friction causing radiation, generating further radiational patterns extending outward in progressively finer fields. Karl Von Reichenbach discovered radioactivity in all bodies 80 years before it was rediscovered in 1903, proving that organic and inorganic matter, crystals, rocks, light and all chemical processes emit radiation. The philosophy holds that Life manifests as Energy, Consciousness and Substance, with only One Energy acting upon One Substance throughout the Universe. All substance is precipitation of this Energy, even as ice precipitates from steam through slowing vibrational rates.

The radiational pattern extends many meters physically but on another dimension has no restrictive distance in what Copen termed dimension X for want of better expression, a sphere beyond time and space as we know it. Here the Fundamental Ray connects specimen to subject instantaneously regardless of geographical separation. This Fundamental Ray represents the vital binding agent in the form of a fine ray between test specimen and patient. Physics has been unable to detect this ray, yet there are various effects pointing to action at a distance. Among the various radiations detectable through radionic methods, Copen identified negative green as particularly significant. This harmful wavelength present in pyramids, certain crystals, and death sites requires specialized pendulums and detection equipment to locate and neutralize through compensating rates and physical shielding materials. When this ray becomes modulated, treatments can be undertaken through radionic broadcasting using morphogenetic fields possessing the property of transcending space and time. No time passes during their broadcasting in contrast to electromagnetic waves. These fields are structured hierarchically, beginning with single atoms, then molecules, tissue, individual organs, organ systems, humans as social structures, communities, countries, even our planet as living organism, the whole Universe structured and organized by means of these fields. It is this dimensional ability that creates the possibility not only of completing a diagnosis but also of completing a treatment.

The radionic method operates through witness samples. Blood specimens are preferred as most accurate since each atom of blood contains the complete energy pattern of the entire body, just as the acorn contains the complete oak tree. Hair, saliva, urine or photographs serve as alternatives. The instrument establishes connection through automatic Fundamental Ray tuning, aligning its circuits with the specimen's unique vibrational signature. Rates represent radiational patterns of energy applicable to Radionics only, enabling practitioners to get information on the state of assigned parameters. Everything has its rate: illnesses, organs, toxins, micro organisms, homoeopathic remedies, minerals, vitamins, bacteria, even psychological states. The system operates across multiple dimensional levels, with Physical level for all tests on living and non living matter, Emotional level for sensitivity states, Mental level for intellectual function, and Spiritual levels dealing with progressively higher spiritual self phases. Advanced instruments extend to Ethereal, Cosmic and Universal levels creating a continuous spectrum of what Copen called frequency acceleration. Detection employs pendulum or stick detector pad. The pendulum rotates clockwise for harmony meaning resonance has been achieved, swings linearly for disharmony, rotates anti-clockwise rarely for death or organs which have died. The stick detector pad produces sticking sensation as if magnet attracted finger to surface when harmony occurs. Measurement proceeds through Over Functioning and Under Functioning assessment. Readings 0 to 2 indicate normal function allowing for daily fluctuations. Readings 2 to 5 show radiation disturbance without symptoms. Readings 5 to 8 reveal radiation disturbance with symptoms demanding immediate treatment. Readings 8 to 9 indicate malignant disease present requiring clinical treatment.

Applications demonstrate the scope of radionic work, which is enormous. Electronic homoeopathy through the Electronic Vibro Potentiser imprints rate patterns onto neutral carrier substances within 10 seconds, producing potencies from X1 to X9000 or C1 to C9000 with previously unknown level of repetitive accuracy, eliminating lengthy manual succussion while achieving identical therapeutic effects. The remedy produced by means of this equipment is of sufficient quality to be suitable for storage. Carriers include sugar globules, lactose powder, salt solution, alcohol, water, gemstones, creams. Colour healing operates through broadcasting colour vibrations. Red stimulates circulation and vitality, orange affects endocrine glands, yellow influences nervous system and intellect. Green provides balance and healing, blue produces calming sedative effects, indigo affects psychic centers, violet stimulates spiritual consciousness. Each colour possesses specific rate patterns correcting deficiencies in the auric field. Biorhythms constitute three basic cycles which repeat themselves at definite intervals from conception onwards, governing physical vitality, emotional sensitivity, and intellectual acuity. Critical days occur when cycles cross zero lines creating instability, with double and triple critical days producing particularly dangerous periods. Radionic instruments reveal actual cycle positions rather than mathematical approximations that ignore individual variations. The Personal General Rate constitutes perhaps the most important single discovery. Each individual possesses a unique vibrational signature that once found can treat any condition affecting that person without requiring specific disease rates, encompassing the whole of the physical self at level 1, mental self at level 2, auric self at level 3, continuing through spiritual dimensions. Compensating Rates neutralize toxic or disease radiational patterns by broadcasting inverse wave patterns, appearing when harmony readings occur at different level or with different final digit than original pathological rate.

Agricultural Radionics offers revolutionary approach that may well be the answer to manipulating the dimensional aspect of correcting or guiding nature. There is a great deal of difference between guiding nature and destroying a link in nature from use of harmful chemicals. The principle recognizes that healthy plants growing in balanced soil naturally resist pests and diseases. Nature's own defense mechanisms operate effectively when nutritional and energetic requirements are met. Modern pesticides tend to weaken the plant structure and the soil structure killing much of the bacteria and organism that go to make a healthy plant. Continual spraying weakens plant to such extent that certain diseases and pests attack each succeeding generation of plants grown in that soil. Chemical pesticides disrupt natural cycles by killing beneficial insects, earthworms and soil microorganisms, creating dependency on ever increasing applications as soil becomes progressively lifeless and crops weaker with each generation. Radionic analysis corrects these imbalances through testing soil samples for minerals, trace elements, pH balance, porosity, moisture content, radiation contamination from atomic fallout, pesticide residues, biological factors including beneficial bacteria, harmful bacteria, earthworm population, soil vitality, bio dynamic life force, fertility potential. Broadcasting treatment employs the copper rod method with copper rods driven into soil corners acting as antennae receiving broadcast radiational patterns and transmitting them through soil via electrical conductivity. Radionic energy penetrates throughout contained area correcting imbalances, stimulating beneficial organisms. It repels pests without harming them, merely creating vibrational environment they find unpleasant causing migration to other areas. You have only to read a little about the food chain of nature from the smallest to the highest and the complete cycle around again to find that we need only one link to be broken and nature tends to throw out other links to re-adjust itself.

Success with all these applications depends critically on operator sensitivity and mental attitude. Mental attitude requirements include relaxed confidence rather than intense concentration which blocks intuitive faculty. Trust your first readings. Do not repeat testing that contaminates results through mental interference. Maintain neutral emotional state free from preconceptions about expected findings. From diagnosis to treatment, from human healing to agricultural restoration, radionics operates through natural laws governing radiation, resonance and dimensional connectivity. As Copen emphasized throughout his work, the scope of the science is a very wide one. It may bring out the imaginative artist in the user, as long as we keep the whole thing in perspective and use it as a regular scientific project not losing sight of the final object of our research.

Bibliography

- A Rainbow of Health, Bruce Copen
- Agricultural Radionics, Bruce Copen
- Are You A Sensitive?, Bruce Copen
- Dowsing from Maps, Bruce Copen, 1975
- Dynamic Hypnosis, Bruce Copen, 1980
- Electronic Homeopathic Medicine, Bruce Copen
- Harmful Radiations and Their Elimination, Bruce Copen
- Heal Yourself with Colour, Bruce Copen, 1974
- Healing by Biomagnetism, Bruce Copen
- How Radiesthesia Can Help You, Bruce Copen
- Magic of the Aura, Bruce Copen
- MARS III Operators Manual, Bruce Copen
- Materia Medica, Bruce Copen
- MK2 Operators Manual, Bruce Copen
- Negative Green Radiesthesia, Bruce Copen
- Pendulum Diagnosis, Bruce Copen
- Radiesthesia for Home and Garden, Bruce Copen
- Radionic Computer Handbook, Bruce Copen
- Radionics Volume 1, Bruce Copen, 1974
- Radionics Volume 2, Bruce Copen, 1983
- Super Science, Bruce Copen
- The New Homeopath, Bruce Copen
- The Practical Pendulum
- The Technical Pendulum, Bruce Copen

The "Light Root" - Nutrition of the Future
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czM4mgkcAWI

Mark Thomke serves as Managing Director of Andreashof nursery in Überlingen-Deisendorf, where he oversees biodynamic cultivation of Dioscorea batata and manages distribution throughout Germany and Europe.

Dioscorea batata, called shanao (mountain medicine) in China, entered European awareness on June 17, 1924 when Rudolf Steiner told Johanna von Keyserlingk and Günther Wachsmuth that this root could replace the potato's dietary importance and store the light ether essential for helping future humans overcome radical materialism. The commission passed through Johanna's son Adalbert to Ralf Rößner in 1988, who resolved to make cultivation his life work. Rößner created the trademarked name Lichtwurzel to distinguish this species from 800 other yam varieties, as only the original form retains light ether storage capacity. There is a lot to that story covered in other posts I have made which are linked below.

Wooden boxes measuring two meters high, 60 centimeters wide and 40 centimeters deep solve the harvesting challenge posed by extreme root depth, constructed from larch or Douglas fir with removable broadsides. Soil consists primarily of quartz sand mixed with garden soil containing clay and loam, topped with ten centimeters of mature plant compost. Trellises reaching eight meters high support growth using bamboo poles and fishing nets. The two-year cycle begins with first year plants growing in earth before October harvest and underground storage at 8 degrees Celsius through winter. Second year box replanting develops substantially larger roots, with male plants storing light ethers while female plants do not. Propagation happens through spherical leaf armpit tubers forming after July flowering, young plants from sprout tubers requiring two weeks to sprout, or root pieces taking six to eight weeks for shoot formation. All methods follow Maria Thun's sowing calendar during descending moon phases with sunny, wind-protected placement and regular watering through growth phases.

Traditional Chinese medicine used this plant for 2,500 years to address children's nervousness, balance menopause symptoms through the phytohormone diosgenin (later synthesized for oral contraceptives), and support kidney function as a tonic. Taipei Medical University research documents digestive, appetite-stimulating, endocrine gland stimulation, blood sugar reduction, and immunotonic properties from roots containing starch, proteins, vitamins and 31 trace elements. Anthroposophical understanding adds that stored light ether separates from substance during mouth digestion, creating immediate satiety before small intestine processing and providing cellular renewal capacity lost from industrialized food over six decades. Physical characteristics reveal this capacity: enormous deep growth, diverse leaf positions, and red-violet leaf edges indicate luminous ether presence channeled from leaves into roots. Research through biophotonics measuring invisible light reflection, chromatography creating silver nitrate visual patterns over 90 minutes, and sensory evaluation demonstrates the differences, with conventional plants appearing gray and lifeless while biodynamic specimens display vibrant colors radiating outward in flower patterns.

Processing maintains purity through drying at 36 degrees Celsius in special ovens, grinding with electrical engines positioned two meters away and connected by chains to prevent electromagnetic interference, and rhythmic mixing in turbina machines using glass bottles without magnets. Storage replicates 1800s conditions in stone basements at 8 degrees Celsius with 60 percent humidity, avoiding refrigeration and electromagnetic fields. Products include fresh roots with almost no taste eaten with skin on after washing, crunchy eating balls as snacks, dried chips requiring smaller portions, and ground flour prepared through boiling, frying or deep-frying with taste suggesting potatoes or Jerusalem artichokes. Leaves harvest minimally for cinnamon scented tea that also burns as incense.

Bibliography

Archived Webpages from Website mentioned in the Video Description
-Importance of the Yam for the People of the 21st Century, Gerlinde Ahrend, 2011
- The Yam and Its Value for Health, Gerlinde Ahrend, 2011
- How Are Demeter Yams Grown in Germany, Gerlinde Ahrend, 2011

Other TG posts made about the light root:
- https://t.me/aetherforceposts/5021
- https://t.me/aetherforceposts/5028

The Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Model of the Sun: Modelling a Density Profile of the Chromosphere
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381365072_The_Liquid_Metallic_Hydrogen_Model_of_the_Sun_Modelling_a_Density_Profile_of_the_Chromosphere


Abstract: "In the last years, the liquid metallic hydrogen model has proven to be a viable alternative to the standard solar model, almost exclusively due to the work of Pierre-Marie Robitaille (2002, 2009, 2011, 2013). By modeling the density of both the liquid metallic and the molecular state of hydrogen from first principles, the pressure at the phase transition can be estimated, resulting in about 550 GPa. In the liquid metallic hydrogen model, this phase transition defines the photosphere which can therefore be considered real surface, as it is consistent with many observations. However, considerable pressure must be exerted by the above chromosphere, which is assumed to consist of molecular hydrogen, albeit in a compressed, liquid form. Deriving a relation between pressure and density from the above considerations, it can be shown that the chromosphere has an approximate thickness of not more than 8000 km, in agreement with observations."