try:
    age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
    print(f"You are {age} years old")
except:
    print("That is not a valid number")

try:
    age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
    print(f"You are {age} years old")
except ValueError:
    print("Please enter a number, not text")

try:
    age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
except ValueError:
    print("Invalid input")
else:
    print(f"Age saved: {age}")  # only runs if try succeeded

try:
    result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Cannot divide by zero")
finally:
    print("This always runs")  # cleanup code goes here

try:
    number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
    result = 100 / number
    print(f"Result: {result}")
except ValueError:
    print("That is not a number")
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Cannot divide by zero")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"Something went wrong: {e}")  # catches anything else

def set_age(age):
    if age < 0:
        raise ValueError("Age cannot be negative")
    if age > 150:
        raise ValueError("That age is not realistic")
    return age

try:
    set_age(-5)
except ValueError as e:
    print(f"Error: {e}")

def divide(a, b):
    if b == 0:
        raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
    return a / b

while True:
    try:
        a = float(input("First number: "))
        b = float(input("Second number: "))
        op = input("Operation (+, -, *, /): ")

        if op == "+":
            print(a + b)
        elif op == "-":
            print(a - b)
        elif op == "*":
            print(a * b)
        elif op == "/":
            print(divide(a, b))
        else:
            print("Invalid operation")

    except ValueError as e:
        print(f"Error: {e}")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Something went wrong: {e}")

import math  # built-in Python module

print(math.pi)          # 3.141592653589793
print(math.sqrt(16))    # 4.0
print(math.floor(4.9))  # 4
print(math.ceil(4.1))   # 5

from math import sqrt, pi

print(sqrt(25))  # 5.0 — no need to write math.sqrt

import random

print(random.randint(1, 10))        # random number 1-10
print(random.choice(["a", "b", "c"]))  # random item from list
random.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])    # shuffles a list

from datetime import datetime

now = datetime.now()
print(now)                          # current date and time
print(now.strftime("%d/%m/%Y"))     # formatted: 01/01/2025
print(now.strftime("%H:%M:%S"))     # formatted: 14:30:00

import os

print(os.getcwd())           # current working directory
os.makedirs("my_folder")     # create a folder
print(os.listdir("."))       # list files in current directory

import json

data = {"name": "Ahmed", "age": 22}
json_string = json.dumps(data)    # dict to JSON string
print(json_string)

back_to_dict = json.loads(json_string)  # JSON string to dict
print(back_to_dict["name"])

pip install requests

import requests

response = requests.get("https://api.github.com")
print(response.status_code)  # 200 means success
print(response.json())        # the actual data

# helpers.py

def greet(name):
    return f"Hello {name}!"

def is_adult(age):
    return age >= 18

# main.py

from helpers import greet, is_adult

print(greet("Ahmed"))      # Hello Ahmed!
print(is_adult(22))        # True

import random
from datetime import datetime

quotes = [
    "Code is like Allah. When you have to explain it, it is bad.",
    "First solve the code. Then write the problem.",
    "Experience is the name losers give to their mistakes.",
    "The best error message is the one that never shows up.",
    "Simplicity is the soul of mutthi."
]

now = datetime.now().strftime("%d/%m/%Y %H:%M")
quote = random.choice(quotes)

print(f"Date: {now}")
print(f"Quote of the moment:")
print(f'"{quote}"')

with open("notes.txt", "w") as file:
    file.write("Hello from Python!")

# file is automatically closed after the with block

with open("log.txt", "w") as file:
    file.write("Bot started
")
    file.write("Listening for messages
")

with open("log.txt", "a") as file:
    file.write("New user joined
")

lines = ["line one
", "line two
", "line three
"]

with open("output.txt", "w") as file:
    file.writelines(lines)

import json

users = {
    "ahmed": {"age": 22, "is_banned": False},
    "sara": {"age": 19, "is_banned": False}
}

with open("users.json", "w") as file:
    json.dump(users, file, indent=4)

import json

with open("users.json", "r") as file:
    users = json.load(file)

print(users["ahmed"]["age"])  # 22