import json
import os

FILENAME = "todos.json"

def load_todos():
    if os.path.exists(FILENAME):
        with open(FILENAME, "r") as f:
            return json.load(f)
    return []

def save_todos(todos):
    with open(FILENAME, "w") as f:
        json.dump(todos, f, indent=4)

todos = load_todos()

while True:
    print("
1. View todos")
    print("2. Add todo")
    print("3. Delete todo")
    print("4. Exit")

    choice = input("Choose: ")

    if choice == "1":
        for i, task in enumerate(todos):
            print(f"{i + 1}. {task}")

    elif choice == "2":
        task = input("New task: ").strip()
        todos.append(task)
        save_todos(todos)
        print("Saved!")

    elif choice == "3":
        num = int(input("Task number to delete: ")) - 1
        removed = todos.pop(num)
        save_todos(todos)
        print(f"Deleted: {removed}")

    elif choice == "4":
        break

class Dog:
    pass  # empty class for now

dog1 = Dog()  # create an object from the class
dog2 = Dog()  # another object — completely separate

print(type(dog1))  # <class 'main.Dog'>

class User:
    def init(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

user1 = User("Ahmed", 22)
user2 = User("Sara", 19)

print(user1.name)  # Ahmed
print(user2.age)   # 19

class User:
    def init(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.is_banned = False

    def greet(self):
        print(f"Hello I am {self.name} and I am {self.age} years old")

    def ban(self):
        self.is_banned = True
        print(f"{self.name} has been banned")

    def status(self):
        if self.is_banned:
            print(f"{self.name}: Banned")
        else:
            print(f"{self.name}: Active")

user1 = User("Ahmed", 22)
user1.greet()
user1.ban()
user1.status()

Hello I am Ahmed and I am 22 years old
Ahmed has been banned
Ahmed: Banned

class User:
    def init(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def greet(self):
        print(f"Hello I am {self.name}")


class Admin(User):  # Admin inherits from User
    def init(self, name):
        super().init(name)  # call parent init
        self.permissions = ["ban", "mute", "delete"]

    def show_permissions(self):
        print(f"{self.name} can: {', '.join(self.permissions)}")


admin = Admin("Ahmed")
admin.greet()             # inherited from User
admin.show_permissions()  # Admin's own method

from aiogram import Bot, Dispatcher
from aiogram.types import Message

bot = Bot(token="YOUR_TOKEN")  # creating an object from the Bot class
dp = Dispatcher()               # creating an object from the Dispatcher class

@dp.message()
async def handle(message: Message):  # Message is a class
    print(message.text)       # attribute
    print(message.from_user.first_name)  # nested object attribute
    await message.reply("Hello!")  # calling a method on the object

class User:
    def init(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.is_banned = False
        self.messages = []

    def send_message(self, text):
        if self.is_banned:
            print(f"{self.name} is banned and cannot send messages")
            return
        self.messages.append(text)
        print(f"{self.name}: {text}")

    def ban(self):
        self.is_banned = True
        print(f"{self.name} has been banned")

    def unban(self):
        self.is_banned = False
        print(f"{self.name} has been unbanned")

    def show_history(self):
        print(f"
{self.name} message history:")
        for msg in self.messages:
            print(f"  - {msg}")


user1 = User("Ahmed", 22)
user2 = User("Sara", 19)

user1.send_message("Hello everyone!")
user2.send_message("Hey!")
user1.ban()
user1.send_message("Can you hear me?")
user1.unban()
user1.send_message("I am back!")
user1.show_history()

{
  "update_id": 123456789,
  "message": {
    "message_id": 1,
    "from": {
      "id": 987654321,
      "first_name": "Ahmed",
      "username": "ahmed123"
    },
    "chat": {
      "id": 987654321,
      "type": "private"
    },
    "text": "/start"
  }
}