Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
You could write PYQs on your own, but:
• Without structuring templates, you risk repeating bad habits.
• Without self-evaluation metrics, you won’t know why your answer isn’t rank-worthy.
• Without time-bound discipline, you’ll end up reading PYQs, not writing them.
🇮🇳How relevant was VK IAS in prelims 2025? Check the prelims result- click here
🇮🇳How relevant was the content of VK IAS in mains from 2020-2025- click here
Fill this form. https://forms.gle/qXRbjGCAQhzQcQkN6
• Without structuring templates, you risk repeating bad habits.
• Without self-evaluation metrics, you won’t know why your answer isn’t rank-worthy.
• Without time-bound discipline, you’ll end up reading PYQs, not writing them.
🇮🇳How relevant was VK IAS in prelims 2025? Check the prelims result- click here
🇮🇳How relevant was the content of VK IAS in mains from 2020-2025- click here
Fill this form. https://forms.gle/qXRbjGCAQhzQcQkN6
#SnT
✅Quantum computing- cyber security mechanism
🅾️Digital systems depend on random numbers but computers are deterministic , so randomness is simulated, not real.Simulated randomness can be reverse-engineered, this leads to cyber breaches and hacking.Nature itself is random at the subatomic level - measuring quantum events (like photons) produces genuine unpredictability.
🅾️Certifying that randomness as authentic through quantum logic (Leggett–Garg inequality) ensures the result can’t be forged.Cybersecurity transforms from trust in math to trust in physics a fundamental shift in how we protect data.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Quantum computing- cyber security mechanism
🅾️Digital systems depend on random numbers but computers are deterministic , so randomness is simulated, not real.Simulated randomness can be reverse-engineered, this leads to cyber breaches and hacking.Nature itself is random at the subatomic level - measuring quantum events (like photons) produces genuine unpredictability.
🅾️Certifying that randomness as authentic through quantum logic (Leggett–Garg inequality) ensures the result can’t be forged.Cybersecurity transforms from trust in math to trust in physics a fundamental shift in how we protect data.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
#SnT
✅Chandrayaan-2- CHACE-2
🅾️Chandrayaan-2 is India’s second mission to the Moon.
🅾️It has a tool called CHACE-2 on its orbiter that studies the Moon’s outermost atmosphere (called the lunar exosphere very thin layer of gases).
🅾️Recently, CHACE-2 observed something never seen before: When the Sun released a powerful burst of energy (called a Coronal Mass Ejection or CME), it hit the Moon.
🅾️This blast from the Sun made the pressure in the Moon’s exosphere go up a lot — more than 10 times.
🅾️That happened because atoms on the Moon’s surface were knocked off into space by the Sun’s energy, making the exosphere thicker temporarily.
🅾️Scientists had theories this could happen, but Chandrayaan-2 is the first to prove it with real data
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Chandrayaan-2- CHACE-2
🅾️Chandrayaan-2 is India’s second mission to the Moon.
🅾️It has a tool called CHACE-2 on its orbiter that studies the Moon’s outermost atmosphere (called the lunar exosphere very thin layer of gases).
🅾️Recently, CHACE-2 observed something never seen before: When the Sun released a powerful burst of energy (called a Coronal Mass Ejection or CME), it hit the Moon.
🅾️This blast from the Sun made the pressure in the Moon’s exosphere go up a lot — more than 10 times.
🅾️That happened because atoms on the Moon’s surface were knocked off into space by the Sun’s energy, making the exosphere thicker temporarily.
🅾️Scientists had theories this could happen, but Chandrayaan-2 is the first to prove it with real data
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
#SnT
✅parasitic wasp and tapioca” story
🅾️In 2020, an invasive cassava mealybug devastated tapioca fields in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Puducherry.
🅾️Chemical pesticides were considered but rejected due to cost, environmental harm, and unsustainability. Scientists from ICAR–NBAIR (National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources) adopted biological control. They identified a tiny parasitic wasp — Anagyrus lopezi — a natural predator of the mealybug.
⚜️The wasp lays eggs inside the pest; larvae consume it from within, naturally reducing pest numbers without harming other crops.
🌟By 2023–24, the mealybug was under natural control, and farmers’ yields returned to normal without chemicals. So “Ecological restoration is superior to ecological domination.” Sustainable pest management works by rebalancing ecosystems, not overpowering them.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅parasitic wasp and tapioca” story
🅾️In 2020, an invasive cassava mealybug devastated tapioca fields in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Puducherry.
🅾️Chemical pesticides were considered but rejected due to cost, environmental harm, and unsustainability. Scientists from ICAR–NBAIR (National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources) adopted biological control. They identified a tiny parasitic wasp — Anagyrus lopezi — a natural predator of the mealybug.
⚜️The wasp lays eggs inside the pest; larvae consume it from within, naturally reducing pest numbers without harming other crops.
🌟By 2023–24, the mealybug was under natural control, and farmers’ yields returned to normal without chemicals. So “Ecological restoration is superior to ecological domination.” Sustainable pest management works by rebalancing ecosystems, not overpowering them.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
#SnT
✅Google DeepMind’s new AI model — C2S-Scale
🅾️This AI can “read the language of individual cells” and generate new biological insights that help design more precise and context-aware cancer treatments.
🅾️It learns how genes behave within millions of cells and identifies which ones are active or silent in different contexts.
🅾️Using this “cell language,” it can predict how a drug or therapy might behave in different immune environments.
🅾️What is the use?- shorten the time from discovery → validation → therapy.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Google DeepMind’s new AI model — C2S-Scale
🅾️This AI can “read the language of individual cells” and generate new biological insights that help design more precise and context-aware cancer treatments.
🅾️It learns how genes behave within millions of cells and identifies which ones are active or silent in different contexts.
🅾️Using this “cell language,” it can predict how a drug or therapy might behave in different immune environments.
🅾️What is the use?- shorten the time from discovery → validation → therapy.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
#Environment
✅CITES Verification Mission Report on India, 2025
🅾️What? - An international agreement/treaty (adopted in 1973, in force from 1975) to ensure that trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
🅾️Members: It has 184 Parties (countries), including India (since 1976).
⚠️CITES decisions are legally binding on member countries.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅CITES Verification Mission Report on India, 2025
🅾️What? - An international agreement/treaty (adopted in 1973, in force from 1975) to ensure that trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
🅾️Members: It has 184 Parties (countries), including India (since 1976).
⚠️CITES decisions are legally binding on member countries.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
#Environment
✅CAFE 3 (Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency) rules
🅾️What is CAFE? Unlike BS-VI norms (which cap pollutants like NOx and PM for individual vehicles), CAFE norms target the average fuel efficiency of a manufacturer's entire fleet.
🅾️The Goal: Reduce total carbon footprint by forcing manufacturers to sell more fuel-efficient cars or Electric Vehicles (EVs) to offset their gas-guzzlers.
🅾️Timeline: The proposed CAFE 3 norms are expected to kick in from FY28 (Financial Year 2028) and tighten progressively through FY32.
🅾️Target: The industry wants the reduction target to be eased (increased from 3g/km reduction to 9g/km), but the government is pushing for stricter compliance.But heavier cars inherently consume more fuel; asking them to meet the same absolute numbers as small cars is physically impossible.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅CAFE 3 (Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency) rules
🅾️What is CAFE? Unlike BS-VI norms (which cap pollutants like NOx and PM for individual vehicles), CAFE norms target the average fuel efficiency of a manufacturer's entire fleet.
🅾️The Goal: Reduce total carbon footprint by forcing manufacturers to sell more fuel-efficient cars or Electric Vehicles (EVs) to offset their gas-guzzlers.
🅾️Timeline: The proposed CAFE 3 norms are expected to kick in from FY28 (Financial Year 2028) and tighten progressively through FY32.
🅾️Target: The industry wants the reduction target to be eased (increased from 3g/km reduction to 9g/km), but the government is pushing for stricter compliance.But heavier cars inherently consume more fuel; asking them to meet the same absolute numbers as small cars is physically impossible.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
#Economy
✅Impact of dollar- Rupee weakening
🅾️Why?- Read ☝️
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Impact of dollar- Rupee weakening
🅾️Why?- Read ☝️
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
✅Why do most students fail prelims?
☀️Join this channel- for insights
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va9eMCF3gvWjWIsiTa2V/343
☀️Join this channel- for insights
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va9eMCF3gvWjWIsiTa2V/343
Forwarded from VK IAS(UPSC Highlights)- History
#Art_and_Culture #History
🔴GS1- Art and culture
🔴GS1- History
✅Vande matram- facts
Q) Why does it matter?- Because freedom struggles convert cultural expressions into political mobilisation tools
🅾️National Song vs National Anthem
⚡️ Vande Mataram = National Song
⚡️ Jana Gana Mana = National Anthem (adopted 1950)
⚠️ Difference:
⚜️– Anthem has protocol & legal rules.
⚜️– National Song has emotional and cultural significance but no enforceable code.
⚠️ UPSC Prelims Trap: Parliament has not passed any law mandating compulsory singing.
⚠️@historyhighlights for high value history snippets from news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🔴GS1- Art and culture
🔴GS1- History
✅Vande matram- facts
Q) Why does it matter?- Because freedom struggles convert cultural expressions into political mobilisation tools
🅾️National Song vs National Anthem
⚡️ Vande Mataram = National Song
⚡️ Jana Gana Mana = National Anthem (adopted 1950)
⚠️ Difference:
⚜️– Anthem has protocol & legal rules.
⚜️– National Song has emotional and cultural significance but no enforceable code.
⚠️ UPSC Prelims Trap: Parliament has not passed any law mandating compulsory singing.
⚠️@historyhighlights for high value history snippets from news
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
How to guess logically for upsc prelims?
https://youtube.com/shorts/6wjR1xk336M?feature=share
https://youtube.com/shorts/6wjR1xk336M?feature=share
YouTube
How to guess logically for upsc prelims?
In this video- i shall be explaining how UPSC prelims paper is logical in its approachFor more details follow the telegram channel Https://telegram.me/hinduh...
image_2025-12-16_17-31-05.png
2.5 MB
⚠️Why do we fail UPSC prelims?
#Geography
✅Aravalli - Ecological signifiance
🅾️The Aravalli system functions as a degraded but critical geomorphic and ecological transition zone, whose disruption has amplified desertification, groundwater stress, and habitat fragmentation
🔰Important points for Prelims exam:
⚜️Oldest Range: The Aravallis are India's oldest mountain range (~2 billion years old).
⚜️Desert Shield: They act as a critical "ecological barrier" preventing the eastward spread of the Thar Desert into the Indo-Gangetic plains (Haryana, UP).
⚜️Water Tower: They are the source of major rivers like Chambal, Sabarmati, and Luni and serve as a massive groundwater recharge zone.
⚜️Resource Hub: Rich in minerals like sandstone, marble, granite, lead, zinc, and copper.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
@ecologyhighlights for high value environment articles
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Aravalli - Ecological signifiance
🅾️The Aravalli system functions as a degraded but critical geomorphic and ecological transition zone, whose disruption has amplified desertification, groundwater stress, and habitat fragmentation
🔰Important points for Prelims exam:
⚜️Oldest Range: The Aravallis are India's oldest mountain range (~2 billion years old).
⚜️Desert Shield: They act as a critical "ecological barrier" preventing the eastward spread of the Thar Desert into the Indo-Gangetic plains (Haryana, UP).
⚜️Water Tower: They are the source of major rivers like Chambal, Sabarmati, and Luni and serve as a massive groundwater recharge zone.
⚜️Resource Hub: Rich in minerals like sandstone, marble, granite, lead, zinc, and copper.
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights for prelims info
@ecologyhighlights for high value environment articles
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
⚠️Orientation lecture- https://t.me/hinduhighlights/14418
✅Details - Click here
🌟Link : https://www.vkias.com/course/Anirvesh-96431
✅Details - Click here
🌟Link : https://www.vkias.com/course/Anirvesh-96431
Forwarded from VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
🌟IS VK IAS enough? Why ask- you decide :)
⚜️1. 2025 Prelims- Click here
⚜️2. 2024 Mains- Click here
⚜️3. 2023 Mains- Click here
⚜️4. 2022 Mains- Click here
⚜️5. 2021, 2020 Prelims and mains- Click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚜️1. 2025 Prelims- Click here
⚜️2. 2024 Mains- Click here
⚜️3. 2023 Mains- Click here
⚜️4. 2022 Mains- Click here
⚜️5. 2021, 2020 Prelims and mains- Click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅VK IAS | PRELIMS WORKSHOP
🗓 23rd Dec | 7:00–8:30 PM
🗓 25th Dec | 11:00–12:30 PM
⚜️ How exactly Prelims changed from 2020–2025.
⚜️ What kind of thinking is UPSC now rewarding.
⚜️ How to adapt your preparation for 2026, without burning out.
⚠️Workshop link : https://www.vkias.com/course/Prelims2026-89313
🗓 23rd Dec | 7:00–8:30 PM
🗓 25th Dec | 11:00–12:30 PM
⚜️ How exactly Prelims changed from 2020–2025.
⚜️ What kind of thinking is UPSC now rewarding.
⚜️ How to adapt your preparation for 2026, without burning out.
⚠️Workshop link : https://www.vkias.com/course/Prelims2026-89313
Forwarded from VK IAS(UPSC Highlights)- History
#Art_and_Culture #History
🔴GS1- Art and culture
🔴GS1- History
✅Context : The Punjab government has conferred ‘Holy City’ status on:
⚡️ Amritsar
⚡️ Anandpur Sahib
⚡️ Talwandi Sabo
🅾️In Indian religions, sacred geography emerges where spiritual authority, historical memory, and collective identity converge. In Sikhism, holiness is not attached to geography alone but to events, Gurus, institutions, and collective discipline (Panth).
⚠️What is SARBHAT KHALSA?- Click here
➡️Join : @historyhighlights for History news.
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🔴GS1- Art and culture
🔴GS1- History
✅Context : The Punjab government has conferred ‘Holy City’ status on:
⚡️ Amritsar
⚡️ Anandpur Sahib
⚡️ Talwandi Sabo
🅾️In Indian religions, sacred geography emerges where spiritual authority, historical memory, and collective identity converge. In Sikhism, holiness is not attached to geography alone but to events, Gurus, institutions, and collective discipline (Panth).
⚠️What is SARBHAT KHALSA?- Click here
➡️Join : @historyhighlights for History news.
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from UPSC Economy by VK IAS (Vikas Kanukollu)
✅Gs-3 : Economy- External sector
🅾️Brent Crude oil V/s West Texas Intermediate Crude oil Benchmark- Click here to know
🅾️India imports ~85–88% of its crude oil needs.This makes diversification a macro-stability requirement
🔰Evolution of trade dynamics
🌟1. Before 2005, India’s crude imports were highly concentrated-two-thirds came from Saudi Arabia alone.Nearly 70% from West Asian suppliers Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, UAE. Why?- Geographic proximity → lower freight cost. But risk was exposure to West Asian instability and cartel pricing
🌟2. Phase 2: Gradual diversification (2005–2015)-India consciously broadened its basket-New suppliers added: Africa: Nigeria, Angola, South America: Venezuela- Why?- Reduce over-dependence on one region
⚜️2010: UN Security Council sanctions on Iran-2011: India officially cuts Iranian oil purchases-> By 2015–16, Iran’s share drops to ~6.2%
🌟3. Phase 3: Russia - (2022 onwards)- Why?- deep discounts.
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
🅾️Brent Crude oil V/s West Texas Intermediate Crude oil Benchmark- Click here to know
🅾️India imports ~85–88% of its crude oil needs.This makes diversification a macro-stability requirement
🔰Evolution of trade dynamics
🌟1. Before 2005, India’s crude imports were highly concentrated-two-thirds came from Saudi Arabia alone.Nearly 70% from West Asian suppliers Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, UAE. Why?- Geographic proximity → lower freight cost. But risk was exposure to West Asian instability and cartel pricing
🌟2. Phase 2: Gradual diversification (2005–2015)-India consciously broadened its basket-New suppliers added: Africa: Nigeria, Angola, South America: Venezuela- Why?- Reduce over-dependence on one region
⚜️2010: UN Security Council sanctions on Iran-2011: India officially cuts Iranian oil purchases-> By 2015–16, Iran’s share drops to ~6.2%
🌟3. Phase 3: Russia - (2022 onwards)- Why?- deep discounts.
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu