📍*Major Pre-Independence Agrarian Revolts*

♟️ *Santhal Rebellion (1855-56)-* The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).

♟️ *Indigo Revolt (1859-60)-* It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.

♟️ *Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875)-* It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.

♟️ *Deccan Riots (1875)-* The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.

♟️ *Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907)-* It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.

♟️ *Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922)-* It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.

♟️ *Champaran Movement (1917-18)-* The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.

♟️ *Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918)-* It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.

♟️ *Moplah Rebellion (1921)-* The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.

♟️ *Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)-* It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.

✅️ Daily The Hindu Vocabulary 25 April 2025

1. FLAK (NOUN): (आलोचना): Criticism
Synonyms: Censure, Disapproval
Antonyms: Approval
Example Sentence:
You must be strong enough to take the flak if things go wrong.

2. QUASH (VERB): (खत्म करना): Suppress
Synonyms: Put an end to, Finish
Antonyms: Prompt
Example Sentence:
A hospital executive quashed rumours that nursing staff will lose jobs.

3. EVACUATE (VERB): (ख़ाली करना): Remove
Synonyms: Clear, Move out
Antonyms: Hold
Example Sentence:
Several families were evacuated from their home.

4. MAVERICK (NOUN): (व्यक्तिवादी): Individualist
Synonyms: Nonconformist, Free spirit
Antonyms: Conformist
Example Sentence:
He's the maverick of the senate.

5. PROLIFIC (ADJECTIVE): (उर्वर):Productive
Synonyms: Fertile, Inventive
Antonyms: Non-productive
Example Sentence:
In captivity tigers are prolific breeders.

6. GRACIOUS (ADJECTIVE): (विनीत): Courteous
Synonyms: Polite, Civil
Antonyms: Ungracious
Example Sentence:
The hostess of the party was gracious.

7. INDELIBLE (ADJECTIVE): (अमिट): Ineradicable
Synonyms: Ineffaceable, Indestructible
Antonyms: Erasable
Example Sentence:
He has an indelible impression on me.

8. INCREDIBLE (ADJECTIVE): (अविश्वसनीय): Unbelievable
Synonyms: Beyond-Belief, Unconvincing
Antonyms: Believable
Example Sentence:
Hers is an incredible tale of triumph.

9. DESPICABLE (ADJECTIVE): (घृणित): Contemptible
Synonyms: Loathsome,Hateful
Antonyms: Admirable
Example Sentence:
What he did was a despicable crime.

10. ENRICH (VERB): (संपन्न बनाना): Enhance
Synonyms: Improve, Augment
Antonyms: Spoil
Example Sentence:
Her exposure to museums enriched her life in France.

✅️ Daily The Hindu Vocabulary 26 April 2025.

1.VICE (NOUN): (अनैतिकता): Immorality
Synonyms: Wrongdoing, Wickedness
Antonyms: Virtue
Example Sentence:
The center was often referred as an open sewer of vice and crime.

2. DEFER (VERB): (योग्यता स्वीकार करना): Yield
Synonyms: Submit, Give way
Antonyms: Stand up to
Example Sentence:
He deferred to Teresa's superior knowledge.

3. PALATABLE (ADJECTIVE): (सुहावना): Pleasant
Synonyms: Acceptable, Satisfactory
Antonyms: Disagreeable
Example Sentence:
A device that made increased taxation more palatable.

4. MOURN (VERB): (शोक करना): Deplore
Synonyms: Bewail, Bemoan
Antonyms: Rejoice
Example Sentence:
Publishers mourned declining sales of hardback fiction.

5. HURL (VERB): (वेग से फेंकना): Throw
Synonyms: Toss, Fling
Antonyms: Catch
Example Sentence:
Rioters hurled a brick through the windscreen.

6. REBUT (VERB): (खंडन करना): Refute
Synonyms: Deny, Disprove
Antonyms: Confirm
Example Sentence:
He had to rebut charges of acting for the convenience of his political friends.

7. ADRIFT (ADJECTIVE): (डाँवाँडोल): Drifting
Synonyms: Unmoored, Unanchored
Antonyms:Moored
Example Sentence:
A cargo ship went adrift.

8. CONSUMMATE (ADJECTIVE): (उत्तम): Perfect
Synonyms: Exemplary, Supreme
Antonyms: Imperfect
Example Sentence:
She dressed with consummate elegance.

9. CITE (NOUN): (उद्धरण देना): Quote
Synonyms: Reproduce, Mention
Antonyms: Conceal
Example Sentence:
Authors who are highly regarded by their peers tend to be cited.

10.EXTRADITE (VERB):(प्रत्यर्पण करना): Deport
Synonyms: Hand over, Repatriate
Antonyms: Keep
Example Sentence:
India refused to extradite him to the Netherlands.

✅️ Daily The Hindu Vocabulary 27 April 2025

1. DISCERNIBLE (ADJECTIVE): (नमूदार): Visible
Synonyms: Detectable, Perceptible
Antonyms: Imperceptible
Example Sentence:
The scandal had no discernible effect on his career.

2. PENURY (NOUN): (दरिद्रता): Impoverishment
Synonyms: Indigence, Need
Antonyms: Wealth
Example Sentence:
He could not face yet another year of penury.

3. EXEMPT (ADJECTIVE): (छूट): Free from
Synonyms: Exempted, Spared
Antonyms: Liable to
Example Sentence:
These patients are exempt from all charges.

4. PALLIATIVE (ADJECTIVE): (पीड़ा हटानेवाला): Soothing
Synonyms: Alleviating, Sedative
Antonyms: Intensifying
Example Sentence:
Many old medicines are only palliative.

5. RESILIENT (ADJECTIVE): (स्थिति-स्थापक): Strong
Synonyms: Tough, Hardy
Antonyms: Vulnerable
Example Sentence:
Babies are generally far more resilient than new parents realize.

6. STIMULATE (VERB): (उकसाना): Encourage
Synonyms: Prompt, Prod
Antonyms: Discourage
Example Sentence:
The reader could not fail to be stimulated by the ideas presented.

7. BOOST (VERB): (बढ़ाना): Improve
Synonyms: Raise, Uplift
Antonyms: Decrease
Example Sentence:
A range of measures boosted tourism.

8. FUNDAMENTAL (ADJECTIVE): (मौलिक): Basic
Synonyms: Foundational, Rudimentary
Antonyms: Secondary
Example Sentence:
The fundamental human rights must be protected.

9. BREACH (NOUN): (उल्लंघन): Contravention
Synonyms: Violation, Breaking
Antonyms: Agreement
Example Sentence:
They had to go through a breach.

10. RENOWNED (ADJECTIVE): (प्रसिद्ध): Famous
Synonyms: Celebrated, Famed
Antonyms: Unknown
Example Sentence:
Britain is renowned for its love of animals.

🔥The Hindu Vocabulary 28 April 2025

1. Reiteration (Noun)
Meaning (English): The act of saying something again, especially for emphasis or clarity.
Meaning (Hindi): पुनरावृत्ति (punarāvṛtti)
Synonyms: Repetition, restating, recapitulation
Antonyms: retraction, recantation, denial
Example: The teacher's reiteration of the rules helped the students understand their importance.
Related Words: Reiterate (verb), Reiterated (adjective)

2. Egalitarian (Adjective)
Meaning (English): Believing in or based on the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.
Meaning (Hindi): समतावादी (samatāvādi)
Synonyms:  Equitable, impartial, unbiased
Antonyms:  Elitist, discriminatory, prejudiced
Example: The egalitarian policies promoted social justice and equal opportunities for all citizens.
Related Words:  Egalitarianism (noun), Egalitarianly (adverb)

3. Egalitarianism (Noun)
Meaning (English): The doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.
Meaning (Hindi): समतावाद (samatāvāda)
Synonyms:  Equality, fairness, justice
Antonyms:  Inequality, injustice, bias
Example: The organization advocated for egalitarianism and social justice in the workplace.
Related Words:  Egalitarian (adjective)

4. Affirmative (Adjective)
Meaning (English): Agreeing with or consenting to a statement or request.
Meaning (Hindi): सकारात्मक (sakārātmak)
Synonyms:  Positive, supporting, assenting
Antonyms:  Negative, dissenting, opposing
Example: The government implemented affirmative action programs to address historical inequalities.
Related Words: Affirmation (noun), Affirmatively (adverb)

5. Detriment (Noun)
Meaning (English): The state of being harmed or damaged.
Meaning (Hindi): नुकसान (nukāsān)
Synonyms:  Harm, damage, injury
Antonyms:  Benefit, advantage, aid
Example: Pollution causes detriment to the environment and human health.
Related Words: Detrimental (adjective)

6. Neoliberal (Adjective)
Meaning (English): Relating to a modified form of liberalism tending to favor free-market capitalism.
Meaning (Hindi): नवउदारवादी (navudārvādi)
Synonyms:  Free-market, laissez-faire, capitalist
Antonyms:  Socialist, interventionist, protectionist
Example: The neoliberal policies aimed to reduce government intervention in the economy.
Related Words:  Neoliberalism (noun)

7. Interventionist (Adjective)
Meaning (English): Favoring intervention, especially by a government in its domestic economy or by one country in the affairs of another.
Meaning (Hindi): हस्तक्षेप करने वाला (hastakṣep karne vāālā)
Synonyms:  Interfering, intrusive, meddling
Antonyms:  Non-interventionist, laissez-faire
Example: The government adopted an interventionist approach to stabilize the financial markets.
Related Words:  Intervention (noun), Intervene (verb)

8. Egalitarian Liberalism (Noun)
Meaning (English): A political ideology that emphasizes both individual freedom and social equality.
Meaning (Hindi): समतावादी उदारवाद (samatāvādi udāravād)
Synonyms:  Liberal egalitarianism
Antonyms:  Libertarianism, authoritarianism
Example: Egalitarian liberalism aims to create a society where all individuals have equal opportunities.
Related Words: Egalitarianism (noun), Liberalism (noun)

9. Preclude (Verb)
Meaning (English): Prevent from happening; make impossible.
Meaning (Hindi): रोकना (rokna)
Synonyms:  Prevent, stop, prohibit
Antonyms:  Allow, permit, enable
Example: The heavy rain precluded us from going for a walk.
Related Words: Preclusion (noun)

10. Ascertainment (Noun)
Meaning (English): The act of finding something out for certain; making sure of.
Meaning (Hindi):  निश्चय (niścaya)
Synonyms:  Discovery, determination, finding
Antonyms:  Doubt, uncertainty
Example: The ascertainment of the cause of the fire will help prevent future incidents.
Related Words: Ascertain (verb)