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INDUS WATERS TREATY

📍*Major Pre-Independence Agrarian Revolts*

♟️ *Santhal Rebellion (1855-56)-* The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).

♟️ *Indigo Revolt (1859-60)-* It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.

♟️ *Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875)-* It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.

♟️ *Deccan Riots (1875)-* The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.

♟️ *Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907)-* It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.

♟️ *Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922)-* It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.

♟️ *Champaran Movement (1917-18)-* The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.

♟️ *Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918)-* It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.

♟️ *Moplah Rebellion (1921)-* The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.

♟️ *Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)-* It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.

✅️ Daily The Hindu Vocabulary 25 April 2025

1. FLAK (NOUN): (आलोचना): Criticism
Synonyms: Censure, Disapproval
Antonyms: Approval
Example Sentence:
You must be strong enough to take the flak if things go wrong.

2. QUASH (VERB): (खत्म करना): Suppress
Synonyms: Put an end to, Finish
Antonyms: Prompt
Example Sentence:
A hospital executive quashed rumours that nursing staff will lose jobs.

3. EVACUATE (VERB): (ख़ाली करना): Remove
Synonyms: Clear, Move out
Antonyms: Hold
Example Sentence:
Several families were evacuated from their home.

4. MAVERICK (NOUN): (व्यक्तिवादी): Individualist
Synonyms: Nonconformist, Free spirit
Antonyms: Conformist
Example Sentence:
He's the maverick of the senate.

5. PROLIFIC (ADJECTIVE): (उर्वर):Productive
Synonyms: Fertile, Inventive
Antonyms: Non-productive
Example Sentence:
In captivity tigers are prolific breeders.

6. GRACIOUS (ADJECTIVE): (विनीत): Courteous
Synonyms: Polite, Civil
Antonyms: Ungracious
Example Sentence:
The hostess of the party was gracious.

7. INDELIBLE (ADJECTIVE): (अमिट): Ineradicable
Synonyms: Ineffaceable, Indestructible
Antonyms: Erasable
Example Sentence:
He has an indelible impression on me.

8. INCREDIBLE (ADJECTIVE): (अविश्वसनीय): Unbelievable
Synonyms: Beyond-Belief, Unconvincing
Antonyms: Believable
Example Sentence:
Hers is an incredible tale of triumph.

9. DESPICABLE (ADJECTIVE): (घृणित): Contemptible
Synonyms: Loathsome,Hateful
Antonyms: Admirable
Example Sentence:
What he did was a despicable crime.

10. ENRICH (VERB): (संपन्न बनाना): Enhance
Synonyms: Improve, Augment
Antonyms: Spoil
Example Sentence:
Her exposure to museums enriched her life in France.

✅️ Daily The Hindu Vocabulary 26 April 2025.

1.VICE (NOUN): (अनैतिकता): Immorality
Synonyms: Wrongdoing, Wickedness
Antonyms: Virtue
Example Sentence:
The center was often referred as an open sewer of vice and crime.

2. DEFER (VERB): (योग्यता स्वीकार करना): Yield
Synonyms: Submit, Give way
Antonyms: Stand up to
Example Sentence:
He deferred to Teresa's superior knowledge.

3. PALATABLE (ADJECTIVE): (सुहावना): Pleasant
Synonyms: Acceptable, Satisfactory
Antonyms: Disagreeable
Example Sentence:
A device that made increased taxation more palatable.

4. MOURN (VERB): (शोक करना): Deplore
Synonyms: Bewail, Bemoan
Antonyms: Rejoice
Example Sentence:
Publishers mourned declining sales of hardback fiction.

5. HURL (VERB): (वेग से फेंकना): Throw
Synonyms: Toss, Fling
Antonyms: Catch
Example Sentence:
Rioters hurled a brick through the windscreen.

6. REBUT (VERB): (खंडन करना): Refute
Synonyms: Deny, Disprove
Antonyms: Confirm
Example Sentence:
He had to rebut charges of acting for the convenience of his political friends.

7. ADRIFT (ADJECTIVE): (डाँवाँडोल): Drifting
Synonyms: Unmoored, Unanchored
Antonyms:Moored
Example Sentence:
A cargo ship went adrift.

8. CONSUMMATE (ADJECTIVE): (उत्तम): Perfect
Synonyms: Exemplary, Supreme
Antonyms: Imperfect
Example Sentence:
She dressed with consummate elegance.

9. CITE (NOUN): (उद्धरण देना): Quote
Synonyms: Reproduce, Mention
Antonyms: Conceal
Example Sentence:
Authors who are highly regarded by their peers tend to be cited.

10.EXTRADITE (VERB):(प्रत्यर्पण करना): Deport
Synonyms: Hand over, Repatriate
Antonyms: Keep
Example Sentence:
India refused to extradite him to the Netherlands.