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ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ู„ู„ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุดุฑูˆุญุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ู„ุฎุตุงุช๐Ÿฉท๐ŸŒท
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Valvular disorders.pdf
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โญ๏ธู…ู„ุฎุต ู„ู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู†
Mitral valve disorders &
Aortic valve disorders
โค1
โญ๏ธู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑู… ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ:
#Growthanddevelopment
#Psychology
#AdultI2
#Epidemiology
Maria complains about frequently going to the bathroom to urinate, sometimes every 2-3 hours during the day.

Question: What condition is Maria experiencing?
Anonymous Quiz
0%
Oliguria
2%
Nocturia
98%
Polyuria
0%
Dysuria
John reports a painful, burning sensation whenever he urinates. His doctor suspects a urinary tract infection (UTI).

Question: What term describes John's condition?
Anonymous Quiz
0%
Hesitancy
91%
Dysuria
0%
Incontinence
9%
Urgency
Ali's urine output has been significantly low, less than 500 mL in a day.
Question:
What condition is Ali likely experiencing?
Anonymous Quiz
7%
Anuria
0%
Polyuria
91%
Oliguria
2%
Nocturia
Ahmed's urine test shows the presence of red blood cells, and his doctor suspects a kidney stone.

Question: What is the medical term for red blood cells in the urine?
Anonymous Quiz
5%
Proteinuria
0%
Enuresis
95%
Hematuria
0%
Nocturia
During an exam, the doctor notices the bladder wall bulging into the vaginal canal.

Question: What is the medical term for this condition?
Anonymous Quiz
76%
Cystocele
19%
Urethrocele
0%
Prolapse
5%
Vaginitis
A woman is diagnosed with the bulging of the anterior vaginal wall into the urethra, causing urinary discomfort.

Question: What is this condition called?
Anonymous Quiz
89%
Urethrocele
2%
Cystocele
2%
Urinary incontinence
7%
Pelvic inflammation
A patient's urine is orange in color. What could be the possible cause?
Anonymous Quiz
18%
Vitamin supplements
10%
Urinary tract infection
67%
Dehydration or bile pigments
6%
Blood in the urine
โญ๏ธ ู…ู„ุฎุต ู„ู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุจู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ Stroke ูุฑุน ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถ โญ๏ธ
Stroke Clinical Manifestations Summary

1. Motor Loss
โ€ข Hemiplegia: Paralysis on one side caused by damage to opposite brain side
โ€ข Hemiparesis: Weakness on one side
โ€ข Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing
โ€ข Bladder & Bowel: Loss of control
โ€ข Damage on one brain side causes opposite side symptoms
โ€ข Hypertonia: Increased muscle tone, spastic paralysis
โ€ข Ataxia: Unsteady gait
โ€ข Spasticity: Abnormal increase in muscle tone
โ€ข Loss/decrease in deep tendon reflexes early (flaccid paralysis), reflexes return with spasticity after 48 hours

โธป

2. Communication Loss / Cognition
โ€ข Dysarthria: Difficulty forming words
โ€ข Dysphasia: Impaired speech
โ€ข Aphasia: Loss or defect of speech
โ€ข Expressive Aphasia: Canโ€™t speak
โ€ข Receptive Aphasia: Canโ€™t understand speech
โ€ข Agraphia: Difficulty writing
โ€ข Alexia: Reading problems
โ€ข Apraxia: Inability to perform learned motor actions

โธป

3. Perceptual Loss: Visual-Perceptual
โ€ข Visual pathway damage causes dysfunction
โ€ข Hemianopsia: Loss of half of visual field in both eyes (homonymous)
โ€ข Patients tend to look toward lesion side
โ€ข Photophobia: Sensitivity to light
โ€ข Diplopia: Double vision
โ€ข Ptosis: Drooping eyelid
โ€ข Visual-spatial disturbances (often right hemisphere damage)

โธป

4. Sensory Loss
โ€ข Paresthesia: Numbness and tingling
โ€ข Loss of proprioception (sense of body position and motion)
โ€ข Agnosia: Canโ€™t recognize familiar objects despite normal sensation
โค1
ู…ู„ู ุจุฑุงูƒุชุณ ู„ู„ูƒุชุดุฑุฒ ุงู„ endocrine ู„ูุฑุน ุงู„ุงุญุณุงุก

ุฏุนูˆุงุชูƒู… ู„ู„ุนุณู„ ุงู„ูŠ ุงุฑุณู„ุชู‡๐Ÿ’˜
ุจุฑุงูƒุชุณ ู„ูƒุชุดุฑ Altered LOC, Seizures ูุฑุน ุงู„ุงุญุณุงุก