🎯 TOP 15 Python Interview Questions Asked in 2026
(TCS • Infosys • Wipro • Startups — ye sab poochte hain!)

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BASICS (Freshers ke liye must!)

1️⃣ List vs Tuple?
→ List = mutable | Tuple = immutable
→ Tuple is faster & used for fixed data

2️⃣ What are Python decorators?
→ Functions jo dusre functions wrap karte hain
→ @staticmethod, @classmethod, @property
→ Flask mein @app.route bhi ek decorator hai

3️⃣ deepcopy vs shallow copy?
→ Shallow = reference copy (nested objects share)
→ Deep = completely new independent copy
→ import copy → copy.deepcopy(obj)

4️⃣ What is GIL in Python?
→ Global Interpreter Lock
→ Only ONE thread runs at a time in CPython
→ Use multiprocessing for true parallelism

5️⃣ What are generators?
→ Use yield instead of return
→ Memory efficient — values on demand
→ Perfect for large datasets

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INTERMEDIATE (Most asked in tech rounds!)

6️⃣ List comprehension vs map() — which is faster?
→ List comprehension is more readable & Pythonic
→ map() slightly faster for simple functions

7️⃣ What is *args and **kwargs?
→ *args = variable positional arguments
→ **kwargs = variable keyword arguments

8️⃣ Mutable vs Immutable data types?
→ Mutable: list, dict, set
→ Immutable: int, str, tuple, float

9️⃣ What is __init__ vs __new__?
→ __new__ creates the object
→ __init__ initializes it (constructor)

🔟 Python memory management?
→ Reference counting + Garbage collector
→ del keyword decrements reference count

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ADVANCED (For senior/experienced roles!)

1️⃣1️⃣ Lambda function?
→ Anonymous one-line function
→ square = lambda x: x**2

1️⃣2️⃣ OOPS in Python?
→ Class, Object, Inheritance, Polymorphism
→ Always give a real example (Bank, Car etc.)

1️⃣3️⃣ is vs == difference?
→ == checks value | is checks memory identity
→ [] == [] is True but [] is [] is False!

1️⃣4️⃣ Exception handling?
→ try / except / else / finally
→ Always catch specific exceptions first

1️⃣5️⃣ @staticmethod vs @classmethod?
→ @staticmethod: no self or cls — utility method
→ @classmethod: gets class as first arg (cls)

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🔥 BONUS Interview Tips:
→ Always explain with a real-world example
→ Say 'I used this in my project' — instant +1!
→ Mention time/space complexity when possible
→ If unsure — explain what you DO know confidently

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PYTHON CHEAT SHEET — Save This!
Most Asked Python in Tech Interviews!

====================================

Python is #1 language for AI, Data Science,
Backend & Automation roles. Master this!

====================================
DATA TYPES & BASICS

x = 10 # int
y = 3.14 # float
s = 'hello' # string
b = True # boolean
l = [1,2,3] # list (mutable)
t = (1,2,3) # tuple (immutable)
d = {'a': 1} # dictionary
st = {1,2,3} # set (unique values)

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STRINGS — Most Asked!

s = 'Hello World'
s.upper() # 'HELLO WORLD'
s.lower() # 'hello world'
s.split(' ') # ['Hello', 'World']
s.replace('o','0') # 'Hell0 W0rld'
s.strip() # remove whitespace
len(s) # 11
s[0:5] # 'Hello' (slicing)
s[::-1] # reverse string!
f'Name: {s}' # f-string formatting

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LIST OPERATIONS

l = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5]
l.append(9) # add to end
l.insert(0, 7) # insert at index 0
l.remove(1) # remove first '1'
l.pop() # remove last element
l.sort() # sort in place
sorted(l) # returns new sorted list
l.reverse() # reverse in place
len(l) # length of list
sum(l) # sum of all elements
max(l), min(l) # max and min value

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LIST COMPREHENSION — Interviewers Love!

squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
# [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

evens = [x for x in range(20) if x%2==0]
# [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]

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DICTIONARY TRICKS

d = {'name': 'Rahul', 'age': 22}
d['name'] # 'Rahul'
d.get('city', 'N/A') # safe get
d.keys() # all keys
d.values() # all values
d.items() # key-value pairs
d.update({'city': 'Delhi'}) # add/update

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FUNCTIONS & LAMBDA

def add(a, b):
return a + b

# Lambda (one-line function)
square = lambda x: x**2
square(5) # 25

# *args and **kwargs
def greet(*names):
for name in names:
print(f'Hi {name}')

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MUST-KNOW PYTHON CONCEPTS:

List vs Tuple -> mutable vs immutable
Deep vs Shallow copy -> copy.deepcopy()
Global vs Local -> variable scope
try/except -> error handling
with open() -> file handling
OOP: class, __init__, self, inheritance

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TOP 5 PYTHON INTERVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Difference: list vs tuple vs set vs dict?
2. What is a lambda function?
3. How does Python handle memory management?
4. What are decorators in Python?
5. Difference: deep copy vs shallow copy?

====================================
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AI and Data Science Interview Questions with Answers – Part 4

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Q.41. What is Machine Learning?

Machine Learning is a branch of Artificial Intelligence that enables computers to learn from data and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed for every task.

Q.42. What are the three main types of Machine Learning?

1. Supervised Learning: Learns from labelled data.
2. Unsupervised Learning: Finds patterns in unlabelled data.
3. Reinforcement Learning: Learns through rewards and penalties.

Q.43. What is Linear Regression?

Linear Regression is a supervised machine learning algorithm used to predict continuous numerical values by finding a relationship between dependent and independent variables.

Example: Predicting house prices based on area, location, and number of rooms.

Q.44. What is Classification in Machine Learning?

Classification is a supervised learning technique used to predict categories or classes.

Examples:
- Spam or Not Spam
- Pass or Fail
- Positive or Negative

Q.45. What is Clustering?

Clustering is an unsupervised learning technique that groups similar data points based on their characteristics.

Example: Grouping customers according to their shopping behaviour.

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NEXT PART: Machine Learning Algorithms – Decision Tree, Random Forest, KNN, SVM and Naive Bayes.

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Top 10 Python Coding Interview Questions with Answers – Part 1

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Q1. Write a Python program to reverse a string.

text = "Python"
print(text[::-1])

Output: nohtyP

Q2. Write a Python program to check whether a number is even or odd.

num = 15

if num % 2 == 0:
    print("Even")
else:
    print("Odd")

Output: Odd

Q3. Write a Python program to find the largest number in a list.

numbers = [10, 45, 23, 89, 12]
print(max(numbers))

Output: 89

Q4. Write a Python program to check a palindrome string.

text = "madam"

if text == text[::-1]:
    print("Palindrome")
else:
    print("Not Palindrome")

Output: Palindrome

Q5. Write a Python program to calculate factorial.

n = 5
fact = 1

for i in range(1, n + 1):
    fact *= i

print(fact)

Output: 120

Q6. Write a Python program to print the Fibonacci series.

a, b = 0, 1

for i in range(7):
    print(a, end=" ")
    a, b = b, a + b

Output: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8

Q7. Write a Python program to remove duplicates from a list.

numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5]
result = list(dict.fromkeys(numbers))
print(result)

Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Q8. Write a Python program to count vowels in a string.

text = "interview"
count = 0

for ch in text:
    if ch in "aeiou":
        count += 1

print(count)

Output: 4

Q9. Write a Python program to check a prime number.

n = 17
is_prime = n > 1

for i in range(2, int(n ** 0.5) + 1):
    if n % i == 0:
        is_prime = False
        break

print("Prime" if is_prime else "Not Prime")

**Output:** Prime

Q10. Write a Python program to find the second largest unique number.

numbers = [10, 30, 20, 50, 40]
unique = sorted(set(numbers))
print(unique[-2])

Output: 40

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NEXT PART: Python Coding Interview Questions – Part 2

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Top 10 Python Coding Interview Questions with Answers – Part 2

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Q11. Write a Python program to swap two numbers without using a third variable.

a = 10
b = 20

a, b = b, a

print(a, b)

Output: 20 10

Q12. Write a Python program to find the sum of digits of a number.

num = 12345
total = 0

while num > 0:
    total += num % 10
    num //= 10

print(total)

Output: 15

Q13. Write a Python program to check whether a number is an Armstrong number.

num = 153
total = sum(int(digit) ** 3 for digit in str(num))

if total == num:
    print("Armstrong Number")
else:
    print("Not Armstrong")

**Output:** Armstrong Number

Q14. Write a Python program to find common elements in two lists.

a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
b = [3, 4, 5, 6]

print(list(set(a) & set(b)))

Output: [3, 4]

Q15. Write a Python program to count the frequency of each character.

text = "python"
frequency = {}

for char in text:
    frequency[char] = frequency.get(char, 0) + 1

print(frequency)

Output: {'p': 1, 'y': 1, 't': 1, 'h': 1, 'o': 1, 'n': 1}

Q16. Write a Python program to find the smallest number in a list.

numbers = [45, 12, 78, 5, 23]

print(min(numbers))

Output: 5

Q17. Write a Python program to check whether two strings are anagrams.

a = "listen"
b = "silent"

if sorted(a) == sorted(b):
    print("Anagram")
else:
    print("Not Anagram")

Output: Anagram

Q18. Write a Python program to find the missing number in a sequence from 1 to n.

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 5, 6]
n = 6

missing = n * (n + 1) // 2 - sum(numbers)

print(missing)

Output: 4

Q19. Write a Python program to sort a list without using sort().

numbers = [5, 2, 8, 1, 3]

for i in range(len(numbers)):
    for j in range(i + 1, len(numbers)):
        if numbers[i] > numbers[j]:
            numbers[i], numbers[j] = numbers[j], numbers[i]

print(numbers)

Output: [1, 2, 3, 5, 8]

Q20. Write a Python program to find the sum of all even numbers in a list.

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

total = sum(num for num in numbers if num % 2 == 0)

print(total)

Output: 12

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