🎯 TOP 15 Python Interview Questions Asked in 2026
(TCS • Infosys • Wipro • Startups — ye sab poochte hain!)

Save karo — interview se pehle zaroor padho! 📌

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BASICS (Freshers ke liye must!)

1️⃣ List vs Tuple?
→ List = mutable | Tuple = immutable
→ Tuple is faster & used for fixed data

2️⃣ What are Python decorators?
→ Functions jo dusre functions wrap karte hain
→ @staticmethod, @classmethod, @property
→ Flask mein @app.route bhi ek decorator hai

3️⃣ deepcopy vs shallow copy?
→ Shallow = reference copy (nested objects share)
→ Deep = completely new independent copy
→ import copy → copy.deepcopy(obj)

4️⃣ What is GIL in Python?
→ Global Interpreter Lock
→ Only ONE thread runs at a time in CPython
→ Use multiprocessing for true parallelism

5️⃣ What are generators?
→ Use yield instead of return
→ Memory efficient — values on demand
→ Perfect for large datasets

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INTERMEDIATE (Most asked in tech rounds!)

6️⃣ List comprehension vs map() — which is faster?
→ List comprehension is more readable & Pythonic
→ map() slightly faster for simple functions

7️⃣ What is *args and **kwargs?
→ *args = variable positional arguments
→ **kwargs = variable keyword arguments

8️⃣ Mutable vs Immutable data types?
→ Mutable: list, dict, set
→ Immutable: int, str, tuple, float

9️⃣ What is __init__ vs __new__?
→ __new__ creates the object
→ __init__ initializes it (constructor)

🔟 Python memory management?
→ Reference counting + Garbage collector
→ del keyword decrements reference count

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ADVANCED (For senior/experienced roles!)

1️⃣1️⃣ Lambda function?
→ Anonymous one-line function
→ square = lambda x: x**2

1️⃣2️⃣ OOPS in Python?
→ Class, Object, Inheritance, Polymorphism
→ Always give a real example (Bank, Car etc.)

1️⃣3️⃣ is vs == difference?
→ == checks value | is checks memory identity
→ [] == [] is True but [] is [] is False!

1️⃣4️⃣ Exception handling?
→ try / except / else / finally
→ Always catch specific exceptions first

1️⃣5️⃣ @staticmethod vs @classmethod?
→ @staticmethod: no self or cls — utility method
→ @classmethod: gets class as first arg (cls)

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🔥 BONUS Interview Tips:
→ Always explain with a real-world example
→ Say 'I used this in my project' — instant +1!
→ Mention time/space complexity when possible
→ If unsure — explain what you DO know confidently

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PYTHON CHEAT SHEET — Save This!
Most Asked Python in Tech Interviews!

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Python is #1 language for AI, Data Science,
Backend & Automation roles. Master this!

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DATA TYPES & BASICS

x = 10 # int
y = 3.14 # float
s = 'hello' # string
b = True # boolean
l = [1,2,3] # list (mutable)
t = (1,2,3) # tuple (immutable)
d = {'a': 1} # dictionary
st = {1,2,3} # set (unique values)

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STRINGS — Most Asked!

s = 'Hello World'
s.upper() # 'HELLO WORLD'
s.lower() # 'hello world'
s.split(' ') # ['Hello', 'World']
s.replace('o','0') # 'Hell0 W0rld'
s.strip() # remove whitespace
len(s) # 11
s[0:5] # 'Hello' (slicing)
s[::-1] # reverse string!
f'Name: {s}' # f-string formatting

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LIST OPERATIONS

l = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5]
l.append(9) # add to end
l.insert(0, 7) # insert at index 0
l.remove(1) # remove first '1'
l.pop() # remove last element
l.sort() # sort in place
sorted(l) # returns new sorted list
l.reverse() # reverse in place
len(l) # length of list
sum(l) # sum of all elements
max(l), min(l) # max and min value

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LIST COMPREHENSION — Interviewers Love!

squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
# [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

evens = [x for x in range(20) if x%2==0]
# [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]

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DICTIONARY TRICKS

d = {'name': 'Rahul', 'age': 22}
d['name'] # 'Rahul'
d.get('city', 'N/A') # safe get
d.keys() # all keys
d.values() # all values
d.items() # key-value pairs
d.update({'city': 'Delhi'}) # add/update

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FUNCTIONS & LAMBDA

def add(a, b):
return a + b

# Lambda (one-line function)
square = lambda x: x**2
square(5) # 25

# *args and **kwargs
def greet(*names):
for name in names:
print(f'Hi {name}')

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MUST-KNOW PYTHON CONCEPTS:

List vs Tuple -> mutable vs immutable
Deep vs Shallow copy -> copy.deepcopy()
Global vs Local -> variable scope
try/except -> error handling
with open() -> file handling
OOP: class, __init__, self, inheritance

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TOP 5 PYTHON INTERVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Difference: list vs tuple vs set vs dict?
2. What is a lambda function?
3. How does Python handle memory management?
4. What are decorators in Python?
5. Difference: deep copy vs shallow copy?

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