BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES. Cerebellar pathologies, especially cerebellar hemorrhage (CBH), in extremely preterm infants has been increasingly detected through cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI). We evaluated prevalence, associated risk factors, and…

“Has anyone spoken to family? Do they understand the terrible prognosis?”Diego, a three-year-old with trisomy 21, was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) after a near-drowning event requiring prolonged resuscitation. Concerns about cerebral…

This award holds meaning for me because of Dr. David Nichols’ lasting impact on the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. He was the architect of the Genes to Society curriculum and the visionary behind the Armstrong Education Building at the Johns Hopkins School…

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a life-threatening mucocutaneous disorder with rare but potentially fatal respiratory complications. We present an exceptional documented case of TEN with severe bronchial obstruction successfully treated with tocilizumab…

10.1542/6388055517112Video AbstractPEDS-VA_2025-0715606388055517112BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES. Children experience the highest impact from neighborhood violence (NV) exposure. Timely access to care has proven to mitigate these untoward effects. However, robust…

10.1542/6388088598112Video AbstractPEDS-VA_2025-0737306388088598112OBJECTIVE. Coccidioidomycosis (CM) is not as well described in children as it is in adults. The Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) system provides care within an endemic region for…

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE. Faltering weight (previously known as “failure to thrive”) is a condition characterized by poor weight gain and has varied underlying etiologies that may require distinct diagnostic evaluations. This technical report describes systematic…

OBJECTIVE. Although preterm birth is among the best predictors of language delay, it is not precise enough to make child-level prediction that will enable the prescription of the highly effective early intervention (EI). This study aims to develop and validate…

In this issue of Pediatrics, Wong et al1 used a speech auditory brain stem response (ABR) method, administered between 7 and 24 months of age, to predict those infants and toddlers who would later score more than 1 SD below the mean on the language subscale…

BACKGROUND. Low socioeconomic status (SES) has been theorized to be a risk factor for faltering weight (previously “failure to thrive”) in infants and children, but evidence is needed to understand the certainty of the association. Many treatment options…

10.1542/6386877932112Video AbstractPEDS-VA_2025-0757646386877932112This evidence-based guideline from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition is intended to support health…

We report 4 children (aged 3–9 years) with severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with vitamin C deficiency. All presented with either musculoskeletal symptoms or cardiorespiratory deterioration with peripheral edema. Multiple nutritional deficiencies…

10.1542/6388094885112Video AbstractPEDS-VA_2025-0739346388094885112BACKGROUND. Parental smoking is a leading source of secondhand smoke exposure for children, increasing risks of respiratory illness and future smoking. Cessation treatment delivery for parents…

In 2011, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published a clinical practice guideline for urinary tract infections (UTI) in which voiding cysto-urethrogram (VCUG) would no longer be the first-line imaging study after the first febrile urinary tract infection…

10.1542/6382804625112Video AbstractPEDS-VA_2025-0720926382804625112BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES. Up to 50% of children with urinary tract infections (UTIs) have vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Severe VUR can lead to reflux nephropathy (RN) and end-stage kidney…

10.1542/6386522812112Video AbstractPEDS-VA_2025-0725046386522812112OBJECTIVE. The California-based cerebral palsy (CP) growth charts, published in Pediatrics in 2011, demonstrated a link between Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS)–stratified…

Cerebral palsy (CP), the most common lifelong motor disability, is a multimodal condition with impacts far beyond motor functioning.1 CP motor prognosis, feeding impairments, medical complexity, and rates of coexisting conditions are known to covary with…

10.1542/6386879373112Video AbstractPEDS-VA_2025-0736616386879373112OBJECTIVE. To examine associations between COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and the risk of various infections in early childhood.METHODS. We conducted a nationwide, register-based cohort…

Newborn screening (NBS) is a public health program that identifies babies with health conditions that need early treatment. Determining benefit of NBS has traditionally focused on outcomes for children. Families also benefit from NBS, but the range of family…

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES. Suicidal ideation (SI) significantly increases during the transition from childhood to adolescence, serving as a key predictor of future suicidal behaviors. Despite this, research focusing on preadolescents is scarce and often overlooks…

Although consensus on medical treatment for critically ill children is ideally achieved through shared decision making, disagreements on the appropriate course of action can occur. This clinical report provides practical guidance for pediatricians and other…