{Updated} For security reasons, it would be best to verify which TCP or UDP ports are listening on the Linux, FreeBSD or Unix server's network interfaces. This quick guide explains how to use the CLI utilities and code written in Bash, Perl, and Python to check for ports in USE or OPEN state.The post How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix appeared first on nixCraft.

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Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post nvtop – Awesome Linux task monitor for NVIDIA, AMD & Intel GPUs appeared first on nixCraft.

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{Updated} Linux is a free and open source operating system. There are many variants of Linux out there. They are typically called Linux distribution. Suse, OpenSUSE, Debian, Ubuntu, CentOS, Arch, Fedora, RHEL all are common Linux distribution names. Knowing your os version and name can be very useful for applying security patches on timeThe post How to find OS version of your Linux device/machine appeared first on nixCraft.

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Arch Linux uses pacman command to add or remove packages. It is a package management utility that tracks installed packages on Arch. So when you uninstall or remove packages, some dependencies are left behind, taking up disk space. In this quick tutorial, I will explain how to remove ALL orphaned packages installed as a dependency and no longer required by any package on Arch Linux. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to remove orphaned unused packages in Arch Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

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nixCraft Patreon supporters can download the PDF version here and support independent content creators. You can install LXD pure-container hypervisor on Debian 11 Linux to run an unmodified version of Debian, Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora, Alpine, Arch and many other Linux distro. You can mimic AWS or different cloud instance types with LXD for testing and deployment purposes on your development machine. You can also run a GUI app such as Firefox completely isolated using LXD for security or privacy reasons. Let us see how to set up and use LXD on the Debian Linux 11 server or desktop. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How To Install LXD on Debian 11 Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

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{Updated} In the old days, all Unix and Linux user-encrypted passwords were stored in the world-readable /etc/passwd file. It was reasonably secure then until dictionary attacks on encrypted passwords became typical with modern fast hardware. Hence, the encrypted passwords were moved to a separate /etc/shadow file under Linux which is readable only by the root (admin) user. This new file also allowed password aging and expiration features.The post Understanding /etc/shadow file format on Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

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nixCraft Patreon supporters can download the PDF version here and support independent content creators. Debian 11 is an excellent server OS to run the LAMP stack. PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language especially suited for web development. However, Debian 11 comes with PHP version 7.4. Here is how to install PHP 8.2 with Apache server on Debian 11 using the CLI or over ssh based session. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to install PHP 8.2 with Apache on Debian 11 Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

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{Updated} ttyload is a console-based color-coded graph of CPU load average (1 minute, 5 minute, 15 minute) for Linux, and FreeBSD Unix.The post ttyload - Linux/Unix color-coded graphical tracking tool for load average in a terminal appeared first on nixCraft.

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{Updated} agedu scans a directory tree and produces reports about how much disk space is used in each directory and subdirectory, and also how that usage of disk space corresponds to files with last-access times a long time ago under Linux/Unix/BSD and macOSThe post agedu - Linux / Unix Command For Tracking Down Wasted Disk Space appeared first on nixCraft.

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To find or check the NVIDIA driver version on Linux to troubleshoot GPU and graphics card issue, check the /sys/module/nvidia/version and /proc/driver/nvidia/version files. Apart from that, you can try other Linux commands too. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to find NVIDIA driver version on Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

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Do you want to copy a symbolic (soft) link instead of a file using the cp command under Linux? Try passing the -a (--archive) to copy and preserve all soft (symbolic) links. The cp command is a naturally used file copying under Linux and it comes with a few rules for copying symbolic links. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post Linux cp command copy symbolic (soft) link appeared first on nixCraft.

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The FreeBSD Release Engineering Team is announcing the availability of FreeBSD version 13.2-RELEASE on 11/April/2023. It is the third release of the stable/13 branches. I updated my FreeBSD version 13.1 to 13.2 using the CLI over an ssh-based session. Here are my quick notes. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to upgrade FreeBSD 13.1 to 13.2 release appeared first on nixCraft.

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While working on the bash shell script wrapper, I needed to ensure that I only passed an integer in the Bash script under Linux and Unix-like systems. Here is how to check if a number is an integer in Bash Linux or Unix script or at the command-line interface (CLI)Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - RedditThe post Bash see if an input number is an integer or not appeared first on nixCraft.

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The latest version of OpenSUSE Linux, version 15.5 "Leap," has been released. This version offers unparalleled stability due to its use of the SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE) source and community developments. Hence, this makes it the best choice for a stable Linux experience for users, developers, and system administrators. This page explains how to upgrade from OpenSUSE 15.4 to 15.5 using the CLI.Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - RedditThe post How to upgrade OpenSUSE 15.4 to 15.5 using the CLI appeared first on nixCraft.

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Debian Linux 12 "Bookworm" has been released. The new version offers updated packages and five years of support. This page provides a step-by-step guide to updating Debian 11 Bullseye to Debian 12 Bookworm using command-line options, including upgrading all installed packages.Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - RedditThe post How to upgrade Debian 11 to Debian 12 bookworm using CLI appeared first on nixCraft.

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When I try to compile a program on Alpine Linux, it fails with the following error:
app.c:1:10: fatal error: ncurses.h: No such file or directory
1 | #include

When I try to compile a program on Alpine Linux, it fails with the following error:
app.c:1:10: fatal error: ncurses.h: No such file or directory
1 | #include

You need to restart the network service in Alpine Linux using "/etc/init.d/networking restart" command to activate the network configuration defined in the /etc/network/interfaces config file. Do not run this command over an ssh-based session.Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - RedditThe post How to restart network service in Alpine Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

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Do you need to view the open file limit for a Linux process? Try "limits" files in /proc/${PID} directory with its process ID (PID) or ulimit command or prlimit command to see the open file limit for a Linux process.Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - RedditThe post How to view the open file limit for a Linux process appeared first on nixCraft.

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Here is a quick tutorial on installing ZFS support in Debian Linux 12 "Bookworm" using "apt" or "apt-get" command-line option.Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - RedditThe post How to install ZFS in Debian 12 “Bookworm” appeared first on nixCraft.

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