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Unit-ICT


💻🖥 QUICK FACT COMPUTER


1. Father of Computer - CHARLES BABBAGE
2. Father of Modern Computer Science - ALAN TURING
3. First Un Programmable Digital Computer - ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER (ABC)
4. First Electronic Digital Computer - ENIAC
5. ENIVAC stands for - ELECTRONIC NUMERIC INTEGRATOR AND CALCULATOR
6. World'S Fastest Computer - Sunway TaihuLight, in China.
7. India's Fastest Computer - PARAM SIDDHI AI
8. PARAM SIDDHI AI developed by - Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC)

💻💻 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS :

1. First Generation - (1940-56) - Vacuum tubes - Batch processing OS
2. Second Generation - (1956-63) - Transistors - Multi bag / Time sharing OS
3. Third Generation - (1964-71) - Integrated Circuits - Timesharing/ Real time OS
4. Fourth Generation - (1971-80) - Microprocessors - Real time/ Multi programming OS
5. Fifth Generation - (1980- present) - Semi conductors - Real time/ Multi programming OS

💻💻 GENERATION LANGUAGE :

1st - Machine and Assembly language
2nd - Assembly language and high level languages (FORTRAN , COBOL)
3rd - High level languages (FORTRAN II - IV , COBOL , PASCAL , BASIC, ALGOL68)
4th - High level languages(FORTAN 77 , PASCAL , COBOL)
5th - High level languages(C , C++ ,JAVA , .NET)

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☀️ मुझे हमेशा से जैन धर्म ने प्रभावित किया, क्योंकि यह विश्व का एकमात्र ऐसा धर्म है जो बिना किसी किंतु परन्तु के जीव हिंसा का विरोध करता है ।

अभी कुछ समय पहले की बात है हमारे यशस्वी प्रधानमंत्री श्री नरेंद्र मोदी जी संसद में एक कानून (विधेयक) लेकर आए जिसका नाम था

"पशुधन एवं पशुधन उत्पाद (आयात और निर्यात) विधेयक, 2023"

इस विधेयक के मसौदे में पशुधन को एक "वस्तु" (कमोडिटी) के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया था, जिसका अर्थ था कि जीवित पशुओं के आयात और निर्यात को बढ़ावा देने के लिए उनको सिर्फ एक वस्तु माना जाएं। ताकि मांस का उत्पादन और निर्यात बढ़े ।

इस बिल का किसी भी धर्म ने विरोध नहीं किया, सिर्फ एक जैन धर्म ऐसा एकमात्र धर्म था जिसने व्यापक रूप से आपत्ति दर्ज करवाते हुए कहा कि यह बिल पशुओं के प्रति क्रूरता और हिंसा को बढ़ावा देगा ।

जैन धर्म के इस विरोध के कारण ही सरकार को बैकफुट पर आना पड़ा और विधेयक रोकना पड़ा ।

ये सुंदरता है जैन धर्म की। वो विरोध प्रदर्शन में भी अहिंसा को आगे रखता है ।

महावीर जयंती की शुभकामनाएं

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🎊 Topic:
⭐️ Communication – Types, Elements, and Barriers

Communication is a fundamental process through which information, ideas, emotions, and thoughts are exchanged between individuals or groups. It is an essential component in education, administration, and social interaction. Effective communication ensures clarity, understanding, and meaningful interaction among people.

➡️Types of Communication:

💯 1. Verbal Communication: Involves the use of spoken or written words. It includes face-to-face conversation, lectures, telephone calls, radio, TV, emails, and written reports.
💯2. Non-verbal Communication: Includes body language, facial expressions, gestures, posture, tone of voice, and eye contact. It often complements verbal communication.
💯3. Formal Communication: Structured communication that follows an organizational hierarchy. It is official and documented.
💯4. Informal Communication: Also known as the grapevine, it is casual and unofficial. It spreads quickly but may lack accuracy.
💯5. Vertical Communication: Information flow between different levels of the organizational hierarchy—upward or downward.
💯6. Horizontal Communication: Communication between individuals at the same level in an organization for coordination and collaboration.
💯7. Diagonal Communication: Cross-functional communication between different departments or units, not necessarily at the same level.

🏢 Elements of Communication Process:

⭐️ 1. Sender: The originator of the message or information.
⭐️2. Message: The idea, fact, opinion, or feeling to be communicated.
⭐️3. Encoding: Transforming the message into a suitable format (words, symbols, gestures).
⭐️4. Channel: Medium through which the message travels (e.g., speech, text, email).
⭐️5. Receiver: The individual or group who receives the message.
⭐️6. Decoding: Interpretation of the message by the receiver.
⭐️7. Feedback: Response from the receiver that indicates understanding or reaction.
⭐️8. Noise: Any interference or barrier that distorts the message.

⚠️Barriers to Effective Communication:

⤵️1. Physical Barriers: Distance, noise, poor equipment, or faulty channels.
⤵️2. Psychological Barriers: Stress, emotions, or mental health issues affecting understanding.
⤵️3. Semantic Barriers: Misunderstanding due to language differences or jargon.
⤵️4. Organizational Barriers: Rigid structures, poor coordination, or status differences.
⤵️5. Cultural Barriers: Differences in beliefs, customs, or social norms.

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15 topic List Higher Education Digital initiatives in India.

🤩1 Digital India Initiative:
- Launched in 2015
- Aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy
- Focus areas: Digital Infrastructure, Digital Governance, Digital Economy, Digital Citizenship

🤩 2. SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds):
- Launched in 2017
- Aims to provide access to quality education through online courses and degree programs
- Offers courses in various subjects, including engineering, humanities, and social sciences

🤩 3. MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses):
- Launched in 2014
- Aims to provide flexible learning opportunities through online courses
- Offers courses in various subjects, including engineering, humanities, and social sciences

🤩 4. Online Labs:
- Launched in 2013
- Aims to provide hands-on experience and practical skills training in various subjects
- Offers virtual laboratories in subjects like physics, chemistry, and biology

🤩 5. National Digital Library:
- Launched in 2016
- Aims to provide access to knowledge through a digital repository of e-books, research papers, and academic documents
- Offers over 10 million digital resources

🤩 6. Spoken Tutorial Project:
- Launched in 2009
- Aims to provide training on free and open-source software
- Offers tutorials in subjects like Linux, Java, and Python

🤩 7. National Academic Depository:
- Launched in 2017
- Aims to store and share academic records and certificates securely
- Offers a digital platform for storing and sharing academic documents

🤩 8. E-Shodh Sindhu:
- Launched in 2015
- Aims to provide access to research papers and journals
- Offers over 10,000 journals and 15 million research papers

🤩 9. Vidwan:
- Launched in 2016
- Aims to provide a platform for expert profiles and research collaboration
- Offers a digital platform for researchers to showcase their work and collaborate with others

🤩 10. ShodhGangotri:
- Launched in 2016
- Aims to provide a digital repository of research proposals and theses
- Offers a platform for researchers to share their research work and collaborate with others

🤩 11. e-Yantra:
- Launched in 2012
- Aims to provide training in robotics and embedded systems
- Offers a digital platform for learning robotics and embedded systems

🤩 12. FOSSEE (Free and Open Source Software for Education):
- Launched in 2009
- Aims to promote the use of free and open-source software in education
- Offers training and resources for educators and students

🤩 13. National Knowledge Network (NKN):
- Launched in 2010
- Aims to connect educational institutions through high-speed networks
- Offers a digital platform for sharing knowledge and resources

🤩 14. Virtual Labs:
- Launched in 2013
- Aims to provide remote access to laboratory equipment and experiments
- Offers virtual laboratories in subjects like physics, chemistry, and biology

🤩 15. Online Certification Courses:
- Launched in 2016
- Aims to provide certification courses through online platforms
- Offers courses in various subjects, including engineering, humanities, and social sciences

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Q. उच्च शिक्षा में डिजिटल पहल
भारत का आधिकारिक MOOCs प्लेटफ़ॉर्म कौन सा है?


A) SWAYAM
B) DIKSHA
C) NPTEL
D) e-PG पाठशाला
व्याख्या:
• SWAYAM (2017) = उच्च शिक्षा के लिए आधिकारिक MOOCs प्लेटफॉर्म
• NPTEL (IITs की पहल) SWAYAM में सम्मिलित है
• e-PG पाठशाला = UGC का स्नातकोत्तर ई-कंटेंट प्रोजेक्ट
• DIKSHA = विद्यालय शिक्षा मंच
• ProfessorsAdda SWAYAM को "भारत का MOOCs बैकबोन" कहता है

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🖲 सुप्रीम कोर्ट से संबंधित अनुच्छेद

➨ अनुच्छेद 124
सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की स्थापना और संविधान

➨ अनुच्छेद 125
जजों का वेतन आदि

➨ अनुच्छेद 126
कार्यवाहक मुख्य न्यायाधीश की नियुक्ति

➨ अनुच्छेद 127
तदर्थ न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति

➨ अनुच्छेद 128
सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की बैठकों में सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीशों की उपस्थिति

➨ अनुच्छेद 129
सर्वोच्च न्यायालय रिकॉर्ड की अदालत हो

➨ अनुच्छेद 130
सुप्रीम कोर्ट की सीट

➨ अनुच्छेद 131
सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का मूल क्षेत्राधिकार

➨ अनुच्छेद 131 ए
केंद्रीय कानूनों की संवैधानिक वैधता (निरस्त) के रूप में सवालों के संबंध में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का विशेष अधिकार क्षेत्र

➨ अनुच्छेद 132
कुछ मामलों में उच्च न्यायालयों से अपील में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का अपीलीय क्षेत्राधिकार

➨ अनुच्छेद 133
सिविल मामलों के संबंध में उच्च न्यायालयों से अपील में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का अपीलीय क्षेत्राधिकार

➨ अनुच्छेद 134
आपराधिक मामलों के संबंध में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का अपीलीय क्षेत्राधिकार

➨ अनुच्छेद 134 ए
सुप्रीम कोर्ट में अपील के लिए प्रमाण पत्र

➨ अनुच्छेद 135
सर्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा मौजूदा कानून के तहत संघीय कानून के क्षेत्राधिकार और शक्तियां

➨ अनुच्छेद 136
सर्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा अपील करने के लिए विशेष अवकाश

➨ अनुच्छेद 137
सर्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा निर्णयों या आदेशों की समीक्षा

➨ अनुच्छेद 138
सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र में वृद्धि

➨ अनुच्छेद 139
कुछ रिट्स जारी करने के लिए सुप्रीम कोर्ट ऑफ पॉवर पर कन्वेंशन

➨ अनुच्छेद 139 ए
कुछ मामलों का स्थानांतरण

➨ अनुच्छेद 140
सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की सहायक शक्तियाँ

➨ अनुच्छेद 141
सुप्रीम कोर्ट द्वारा घोषित कानून सभी अदालतों पर बाध्यकारी है

➨ अनुच्छेद 142
सुप्रीम कोर्ट के आदेशों और आदेशों की प्रवर्तन और खोज आदि के आदेश।

➨ अनुच्छेद 143
सुप्रीम कोर्ट से परामर्श करने की राष्ट्रपति की शक्ति

➨ अनुच्छेद 144
सुप्रीम कोर्ट की सहायता में कार्य करने के लिए नागरिक और न्यायिक अधिकारी

➨ अनुच्छेद 144 ए
कानूनों की संवैधानिक वैधता से संबंधित सवालों के निपटान के लिए विशेष प्रावधान (निरस्त)

➨ अनुच्छेद 145
अदालत के नियम, आदि।

➨ अनुच्छेद 146
अधिकारी और नौकर और सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का खर्च

➨ अनुच्छेद 147
व्याख्या

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🛟 *श्वेत क्रांति*: दूध उत्पादन (White Revolution: Milk Production)

🛟 *भूरी क्रांति*: उर्वरक उत्पादन (Brown Revolution: Fertilizer Production)

🛟 *लाल क्रांति*: मांस उत्पादन (Red Revolution: Meat Production)

🛟 *गुलाबी क्रांति*: झींगा उत्पादन (Pink Revolution: Prawn Production)

🛟 *हरित क्रांति*: खाद्यान्न उत्पादन (Green Revolution: Grain Production)

🛟 *नीली क्रांति*: मछली उत्पादन (Blue Revolution: Fish Production)

🛟 *पीली क्रांति*: तिलहन उत्पादन (Yellow Revolution: Oilseed Production)

🛟 *रजत क्रांति*: अंडा उत्पादन (Silver Revolution: Egg Production)

🛟 *गोल क्रांति*: आलू उत्पादन (Round Revolution: Potato Production)

🛟 *सुनहरी क्रांति*: फल उत्पादन (Golden Revolution: Fruit Production)

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📚 UGC NET तैयारी – शिक्षण #UGC #NET #JRF #Teaching

संकल्पना:
शिक्षण एक योजनाबद्ध प्रक्रिया है, जिसमें शिक्षक और विद्यार्थी के बीच ज्ञान, कौशल और मूल्य का आदान-प्रदान होता है।
🎯 उद्देश्य:
•   ज्ञान का संचार
•   कौशल का विकास
•   मूल्य एवं दृष्टिकोण का निर्माण
•   व्यक्तित्व का सर्वांगीण विकास
🧠 शिक्षण के स्तर (Levels of Teaching):
❤️स्मृति स्तर (Memory Level):
❤️ रटने पर आधारित
❤️ तथ्यों, सूत्रों और परिभाषाओं का संग्रह
❤️समझ स्तर (Understanding Level):
❤️ विषय की व्याख्या और अर्थ ग्रहण करना
❤️ उदाहरणों और तर्कों से स्पष्टता
❤️चिंतनशील स्तर (Reflective Level):
❤️ उच्च स्तरीय सोच
❤️ समस्या समाधान, विश्लेषण और आलोचनात्मक दृष्टिकोण।

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100 Must-Know Units and Conversions Explained Simply 🤯

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1. 1 kilo = 1000 grams
2. 1 pound = 0.4536 kilograms
3. 1 gallon = 3.785 liters
4. 1 kilometer = 1000 meters
5. 1 mile = 1.609 kilometers
6. 1 acre = 4046.86 square meters
7. 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
8. 1 foot = 12 inches
9. 1 yard = 3 feet
10. 1 square meter = 10.764 square feet
11. 1 liter = 1000 milliliters
12. 1 cup = 236.588 milliliters
13. 1 tablespoon = 15 milliliters
14. 1 teaspoon = 5 milliliters
15. 1 ounce = 28.3495 grams
16. 1 quart = 0.946 liters
17. 1 ton (US) = 907.184 kilograms
18. 1 ton (UK) = 1016.05 kilograms
19. 1 knot = 1.852 kilometers/hour
20. 1 horsepower = 745.7 watts
21. 1 calorie = 4.184 joules
22. 1 kilogram = 2.20462 pounds
23. 1 stone = 14 pounds
24. 1 square mile = 2.589 square kilometers
25. 1 hectare = 10,000 square meters
26. 1 bar = 100 kilopascals
27. 1 atmosphere = 101.325 kilopascals
28. 1 kilowatt-hour = 3.6 megajoule
29. 1 light year = 9.461 trillion kilometers
30. 1 parsec = 3.26 light years
31. 1 Celsius = (1.8 × °C) + 32 °F
32. 1 Fahrenheit = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8 °C
33. 1 day = 24 hours
34. 1 hour = 60 minutes
35. 1 minute = 60 seconds
36. 1 week = 7 days
37. 1 year = 365 days (or 366 in a leap year)
38. 1 decade = 10 years
39. 1 century = 100 years
40. 1 millennium = 1000 years
41. 1 byte = 8 bits
42. 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes
43. 1 megabyte = 1024 kilobytes
44. 1 gigabyte = 1024 megabytes
45. 1 terabyte = 1024 gigabytes
46. 1 petabyte = 1024 terabytes
47. 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter
48. 1 micrometer = 1 millionth of a meter
49. 1 millimeter = 0.001 meters
50. 1 centimeter = 0.01 meters
51. 1 decimeter = 0.1 meters
52. 1 Newton = 1 kg·m/s²
53. 1 Joule = 1 Newton meter
54. 1 Watt = 1 Joule/second
55. 1 Pascal = 1 Newton/m²
56. 1 Volt = 1 Joule/coulomb
57. 1 Ampere = 1 coulomb/second
58. 1 Ohm = 1 Volt/Ampere
59. 1 Hertz = 1 cycle/second
60. 1 Tesla = 1 Weber/m²
61. 1 Decibel = 1/10 Bel
62. 1 Angstrom = 0.1 nanometers
63. 1 Kelvin = -273.15 °C
64. 1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³ particles
65. 1 degree = π/180 radians
66. 1 radian = 57.2958 degrees
67. 1 revolution = 360 degrees
68. 1 lux = 1 lumen/m²
69. 1 lumen = 1 candela steradian
70. 1 candela = luminous intensity of a light source
71. 1 bar = 100,000 Pascals
72. 1 Mach = speed of sound
73. 1 knot = 1.15078 miles/hour
74. 1 nautical mile = 1.852 kilometers
75. 1 square yard = 9 square feet
76. 1 acre = 43,560 square feet
77. 1 fathom = 6 feet
78. 1 fluid ounce (US) = 29.5735 milliliters
79. 1 fluid ounce (UK) = 28.4131 milliliters
80. 1 pint (US) = 473.176 milliliters
81. 1 pint (UK) = 568.261 milliliters
82. 1 quart (US) = 946.353 milliliters
83. 1 quart (UK) = 1.13652 liters
84. 1 bushel = 35.239 liters
85. 1 peck = 8.80977 liters
86. 1 cup (metric) = 250 milliliters
87. 1 pint = 2 cups
88. 1 gallon (UK) = 4.54609 liters
89. 1 calorie (food) = 1000 calories (scientific)
90. 1 electronvolt = 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ Joules
91. 1 horsepower (metric) = 735.5 Watts
92. 1 barrel (oil) = 159 liters
93. 1 ton (US) = 2000 pounds
94. 1 ton (UK) = 2240 pounds
95. 1 cord = 128 cubic feet of wood
96. 1 cubic meter = 1000 liters
97. 1 kilonewton = 1000 Newtons
98. 1 megaton = 1 million tons TNT
99. 1 parsec = 3.086 × 10¹³ kilometers
100. 1 astronomical unit = 149.6 million kilometers

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*👇Where is the Headquarter of👇*

📌BRICS - Shanghai
📌 ADB - Manila
📌 ASEAN - Jakarta
📌UNDP - New York
📌NATO - Brussels
📌WTO - Geneva
📌 CHOGM - Londan
📌OPEC - Vienna
📌UNICEF - New York
📌 FAO - Rome
📌 IMF - Washington
📌UNESCO - Paris
📌 WHO - Geneva
📌 UNEP - Nairobi


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Forwarded from Professor Madhav
☑️5 CSIR NET Life Sciences practice questions with answers (NET level – conceptual + MCQ style)

🟡CSIR NET LIFE SCIENCES
https://t.me/csir_net_lifesci_jrf

1. Cell Biology

Q1. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells?

A) Golgi apparatus
B) Lysosome
C) Mitochondria
D) Ribosome

Answer: C) Mitochondria
Explanation: Mitochondria are called the “powerhouse of the cell” because they produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

2. Genetics

Q2. According to Mendel’s law of segregation, alleles separate during:

A) DNA replication
B) Meiosis
C) Translation
D) Fertilization

Answer: B) Meiosis
Explanation: During meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate, leading to segregation of alleles into gametes.

3. Biochemistry

Q3. Which enzyme is responsible for converting RNA from a DNA template?

A) DNA polymerase
B) Reverse transcriptase
C) RNA polymerase
D) Ligase

Answer: C) RNA polymerase
Explanation: RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA during transcription using DNA as a template.

4. Ecology

Q4. The transfer of energy from one trophic level to another is approximately:

A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) 90%

Answer: B) 10%
Explanation: According to the 10% law of energy transfer, only about 10% of energy moves to the next trophic level.

5. Molecular Biology

Q5. The process of synthesizing protein from mRNA is called:

A) Replication
B) Transcription
C) Translation
D) Mutation

Answer: C) Translation
Explanation: Translation occurs in ribosomes where mRNA is decoded to synthesize proteins.

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