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🔰 अंतराष्ट्रीय सीमाएं 🔰

🔅रेखा का नाम – डूरंड रेखा (Durand Line)
Between – पाकिस्तान तथा अफगानिस्तान

🔅रेखा का नाम – मैकमाहोन रेखा (Macmahon Line)
Between – भारत तथा चीन

🔅रेखा का नाम – रेडक्लिफ रेखा (Radcliffe Line)
Between – भारत तथा पाकिस्तान

🔅रेखा का नाम – 17 वीं समानांतर रेखा (17th Parallel)
Between – उत्तरी वियतनाम तथा द. वियतनाम

🔅रेखा का नाम – 24 वीं समानांतर रेखा (24th Parallel)
Between – भारत तथा पाकिस्तान

🔅रेखा का नाम – 38 वीं समानांतर रेखा (38th Parallel)
Between – उत्तर कोरिया तथा दक्षिण कोरिया

🔅रेखा का नाम – 49 वीं समानांतर रेखा (49th Parallel)
Between – अमेरिका तथा कनाडा

🔅रेखा का नाम – हिंडनबर्ग रेखा (Hindenburg Line)
Between– जर्मनी तथा पोलैंड

🔅रेखा का नाम – ओडरनास रेखा (Order-Neisse Line)
Between – जर्मनी तथा पोलैंड

🔅 रेखा का नाम – मैगिनाट रेखा (Maginot Line)
Between – जर्मनी तथा फ्रांस

🔅रेखा का नाम – सीजफ्राइड रेखा (Seigfrid Line)
Between – जर्मनी तथा फ्रांस

Small Group teaching Methods

1. Group discussion

it is a form of communication and interaction within a group around a topic, skill, issue or problem presented to the group.

It could be planned, partly planned and unplanned.

Critical thinking, free flow of ideas and opinions are its part.

It enhances one’s verbal and non-verbal skills.

Domination by few individual on the basis of better communication is a possibility.

Biasness in the evaluation of trainees by instructor.

2. Seminar

In this one or more trainee prepare a paper on a given topic, issue or a problem which is then presented before a group. Thereafter discussion and analysis follows.

The main stage in seminar are preparation of paper, presentation of paper, and discussion on it.

In this presentation skills of trainee get enhanced and group leadership develops.

But it is time consuming and can stress to participants.

3. Panel Discussion

It consists of small group of six to eight persons.

The discussion here is guided and informal.

The leader must select those panel members only who can think and speak freely.

It is more interesting to audience than the single speaker.

But bringing experts to single platform can be difficult.

Audience participation here is nil.

4. Brainstorming

On a given topic large number of ideas are produced quickly by a group.

In this any one can input ideas at anytime except that criticism of ideas are not allowed.

Quantity of ideas is more important than quality.

Brainstorming goes on for several rounds till all the ideas are exhausted.

Best ideas are selected after evaluation.

It encourages trainers to be creative and produce, think and explore ideas.

But there is a possibility of some trainees being reluctant to participate.

5. Project Method

This is individualised or a small group instruction.

In this students explore and experience their environment.

Emphasis is on experimental learning rather than rote learning and memorisation.

In the student will develop critical thinking and working in teams.

But additional resources and continuous monitoring may be required.

6. Role playing

It is used to help solve classroom interpersonal problems and to teach human-relation skills in the classroom.

In this dramatisation of literary work, historical work and current events take place to facilitate subject matter learning.

It is interactive and interesting and entails participation of every member of the group.

But it requires a considerable amount of resources and real life situation are usually more complex.

7. Simulation

In this training is provided under created conditions which are similar to actual conditions.

For example- training of astronauts for Gangayan mission.

They are economical and safety is specially taken care of.

But high initial investment in machinery and equipment is required.

8. Demonstration Method

In this things are learned by doing and learning from concrete to abstract.

It is defined as a combination of verbal explanation coupled with a live display of using apparatus for presenting important facts, ideas, or processes.

It entails audio-visual explanation.

It is effective in explaining materials, objects, ideas and abstract topics.

But only few get opportunities to participate in the experimental process.

7 C’s of effective communication

Conciseness

Concreteness

Correctness

Consideration

Clarity

Courtesy

Completeness

4S’s of communication

Strength

Sincerity

Shortness

Simplicity.

Types of Agriculture in India

There are different types of farming activities performed in India which are as follows:

🌾Subsistence Farming

Subsistence farming is a type of farming in which nearly all the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and farmer’s family leaving little.

Subsistence farms usually consist of no more than a few acres, and farm technology tends to be primitive and of low yield.

🌾Mixed farming

Mixed farming is an agricultural system in which a farmer conducts different agricultural practice together, such as cash crops and livestock

The aim is to increase income through different sources and to complement land and labour demands across the year.

🌾Shifting cultivation

Shifting cultivation means migratory shifting agriculture.

Under this system, a plot of land is cultivated for a few years and then, when the crop yield declines because of soil exhaustion and the effects of pests and weeds, is deserted for another area.

Here the ground is again cleared by slash-and-burn methods, and the procedure is repeated.

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