Maratha Empire Timeline (1674–1818 AD)

🔸Chhatrapati Rulers (Royal Line of Shivaji):

1. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1674 – 1680)
Founder of the Maratha Empire; coronated at Raigad in 1674.

2. Chhatrapati Sambhaji (1681 – 1689)
Shivaji's son; captured and executed by Aurangzeb.

3. Chhatrapati Rajaram (1689 – 1700)
Younger son of Shivaji; led resistance from Gingee Fort in Tamil Nadu.

4. Chhatrapati Shivaji II (Kolhapur branch) (1700 – 1714)
Son of Rajaram, under regency of Tarabai.

5. Chhatrapati Shahu I (1707 – 1749)
Grandson of Shivaji; defeated Tarabai and became king. Appointed Peshwas.

6. Chhatrapati Ramaraja (Rajaram II) (1749 – 1777)
Adopted by Shahu I; mostly a nominal ruler, power was with Peshwas.

7. Chhatrapati Shahu II (1777 – 1808)
Figurehead ruler during Peshwa dominance.

8. Chhatrapati Pratapsingh (of Satara) (1808 – 1839)
Ruler under British protection; dethroned in 1839.

Let's Revise 25 Common Homonyms 🌿🤍

1. Bark
Outer covering of a tree 🌳
Sound made by a dog 🐕

2. Bat
A flying mammal 🦇
Sports equipment used in cricket/baseball 🏏

3. Bow
To bend in respect 🙇‍♂️
A weapon for shooting arrows 🏹

4. Tear
A drop from the eye 😢
To rip apart ✂️

5. Fair
Just and unbiased ⚖️
An exhibition or carnival 🎡

6. Lead
To guide 🧭
A heavy metal element ⚙️

7. Wave
A hand gesture 👋
Movement of water 🌊

8. Tire
A rubber covering on a wheel 🚗
To become exhausted 😴

9. Well
In good health ✅
A deep water source ⛲
R

10. Rock
Solid mineral material 🪨
To sway or perform energetically 🎸

11. Spring
A season of the year 🌸
To jump or bounce up ⛹️‍♀️

12. Match
A contest or game ⚽
A small stick that produces fire when struck 🔥

13. Watch
A device to tell time ⌚
To observe attentively 👀

14. Lie
To recline or rest 🛏️
To speak falsely ❌

15. Right
Correct or accurate ✅
A direction ➡️

16. Light
Opposite of heavy ⚖️
Brightness that enables vision 💡

17. Current
Flow of water or electricity 🔌
Happening now 🕒

18. Date
A day on the calendar 📅
A romantic meeting or a fruit (date) ❤️ / 🌴

19. Letter
A character in the alphabet 🔤
A written message ✉️

20. Duck
A water bird 🦆
To lower your head quickly to avoid something 🙇

21. Can
To be able to do something ✔️
A container for food or drink 🥫

22. Trip
A journey or travel ✈️
To stumble or fall 🚶‍♂️

23. File
A folder containing documents 📁
A tool used to smooth surfaces 🪚

24. Kind
A type or variety 🔢
Being nice or considerate 🤝

25. Nail
A part of the body (finger/toe) 💅
A thin pointed metal piece used in construction 🔨

You hear people say, “Don’t give up,” and you nod,because what else can you do? You can’t scream. You can’t cry too loud. You have people waiting at home who believe in you, and you don’t have the heart to let them see how close you are to falling apart. So you smile, and you say, “is baar hojayega"

But no one sees the guilt. The guilt of not being enough. The guilt of wasting time. The guilt of still not becoming the person you promised you’d be.

And yet… you wake up. You try again. Not because you’re strong—but because you’ve forgotten how to quit.

And one day—maybe quietly, maybe suddenly—things will change. Your name will be there. Your effort will matter. And that small, broken version of you—the one who almost gave up but didn’t—he’ll finally rest.

You’ll go home, and your parents won’t ask “Kya hua?” They’ll just hug you… and for the first time, you’ll believe you were never a failure. Just a fighter who finally reached the end of the war.🧿

Geomorphic process mind map 🌸

The Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF), confirming that the aircraft is now expected to enter service with the Indian Navy in 2038.

According to ADA, the next major milestone for the TEDBF program is anticipated clearance from the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS), expected by 2026.

The first flight of the TEDBF, initially anticipated earlier, is now projected to occur between 2029 and 2030.

Important Environmental Treaties

Finance commission

🌴 finance commission : article 280

🌴 quasi-judicial body

🌴 constituted by - president of India

🌴 composition:chairman + 4 members

🌴 eligible for reappointment

🌴 state finance commission was established under the 73rd and 74th CAA 1992

🌴 14th finance commission:

• constituted : 2013

• chairman : Dr. Y.V Reddy

• objective : to address imbalances in federal finance and empower states with greater financial autonomy

🌴 14th finance commission used population data from both 1971 (17.5%) and 2011 (10%) census


🌴 15th finance commission:

• constituted : 2017

• Chairman : N.K Singh

• purpose : recommend the distribution of tax revenue between the union and state governments, along with other grants-in-aid


🌴 16th finance commission :

• constituted : December 2023

• Chairman : Arvind Panagariya

• focus : to recommend a rodmap for fiscal devolution between centre and states for the next five years

Read kro

🌳 katchatheevu island dispute - b/w India & Sri Lanka

🌴 Sulphur - poly atomic

⛳️ fast movements - rock fall, mud flow, slump, landslides

⛳️ slow movement - solifluction, creep, soil creep

🪴 Anti histamine, Adrenaline, steroids- reduces symptoms of allergy

🍉 Papaya, water melon, orchids - more than one ovule in the ovary

🪰 zika virus - Andes mosquitoes

🌵 calcium - floats in cold water

🌈 farakka water treaty- indian and Bangladesh

☄ Indus river :
• Longest tributary- sutlej
• largest tributary - chenab

💥 pong dam - beas river

💥 baglihar dam - chenab river

🌽 soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acid

💎 diamond & graphite:
• different physical properties
• same chemical properties

☎️ melting point :
Acetic acid > chloroform > ethanol > methane

🏝 the electrolyte is a solution of acidified copper sulphate

🚚 carbonate ore - calcination

🎯 sulphide ore - roasting

🧘‍♂ sodium oxide & potassium oxide dissolve in water to produce alkalis

🛝 lithium, sodium, potassium - low densities & low melting point

🥗 biotic factors - producers, consumers ( algae, insects, microorganisms)

🍓 Abiotic factors - rainfall, temp., sunlight, soil conditions, water, Co2..

🌿 glass - amorphous solid

🌺 Autogamy- eg: pea, rice, wheat

🦧 atomic radius is measured in nanometer

🐠 pure substances: ice, iron, hydrochloric acid, calcium oxide, mercury

🦋 copper sulphate solution and salt solution- not show Tyndall effect

📌 lack of nucleus - erythrocytes (rbc)

🌧 mitcurition - process of release of urine

🍟 parathyroid hormone increases the Ca2+ levels in the blood

🏓 Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple is built in dravidian architecture

🚀 stability of RNA
rRNA > tRNA > mRNA ( rtm)

Ek bar aur padho

The sky isn’t my limit,
it’s my home.
Winds don’t push me back…
they carve my path.
For I am not just a pilot,
I am the calm within the storm…
the captain of my soul.

General Knowledge All Competitive Exam Questions
🔻Test Series of 50 Important Questions-Answers🔻

Q. What is the age of the solar system?
Answer – 4.6 billion years

Q. Which comet appears after 76 years?
Ans. – Halley's Comet

When did Shivaji loot Surat twice?
Ans. – 1664 AD and 1970 AD

Which Chola ruler defeated the Chera ruler and destroyed the navy?
Ans. – Rajaraja I

What is the finest work of the Jaunpur style?
Ans. – Atala Devi Mosque

Who did Bajirao I assist against Muhammad Khan Bangash?
Ans. – Champa Ray

Who was not given jagir during the Mughal period?
Ans. – Religious persons

Who was the officer collecting land revenue from the Khalsa region?
Ans. – Amil

According to Bernier, who established the administrative unit called 'Shik'?
Ans. – Balban

Which ruler imposed cattle tax?
Ans. – Alauddin Khilji

Which building is entirely made of Hindu architecture?
Ans. – Nasiruddin's tomb

How many soldiers were there in the smallest unit of Pag soldiers?
Ans. – 40

Tomato sauce contains
Ans: – Acetic acid

Who was the first Muslim ruler of India to fix revenue on the actual income of the land?
Ans. – Iltutmish

Who was famous as a wali or saint due to justice and religiousness?
Ans. – Shihabuddin Ahmad I

On what was the financial policy based during the Sultanate period?
Ans. – Hanafi

Who benefited from Mahmud Ghaznavi's invasions in future conquests?
Ans. – Muhammad Ghori

What was the title of the fort officer in Maratha administration?
Ans. – Durgpal

Which tax was not required to be paid by non-Muslims?
Ans. – Zakat

During whose reign did the rebellion of the Sadah Amirs occur?
Ans. – Muhammad bin Tughlaq

During whose reign was the Mayur throne constructed?
Ans. – Shah Jahan

What was the Mokhra system in Shivaji's administration?
Ans. – Granting jagirs to officers

What was the main subject of Mughal painting?
Ans. – Court life and natural life

Which Sultanate ruler first imposed irrigation tax which was one-fifth of the produce?
Ans. – Firoz Tughlaq

Who said, 'Islam is in danger'?
Ans. – Ghazi Malik

For illustrating which book were Mir Sayyid Ali and Khwaja Abdus Samad called to the Mughal court?
Ans. – Dastan-e-Amir Hamza

Who was the chief village administrative officer in Maratha?
Ans. – Patel

During whose reign did the central bureaucracy's interference in the Iqta system increase the most?
Ans. – Alauddin Khilji

Which deity's temple did Rajaraja build in Polonnaruwa as a sub-goal of the conquest of Sri Lanka?
Ans. – Shiva

Among Aga Raza, Farukh Beg, Dasvant, and Basawan, who was not a painter in Akbar's court?
Ans. – Aga Raza

Who established Diwan-e-Waqf?
Ans. – Balban

What percentage of produce did Shivaji collect as land revenue?
Ans. – 30 percent

When and where did the Moplah movement take place?
Answer – 1921, Malabar, Kerala

Who is called the Blue Planet?
Ans. Earth

Q. Which gas is most abundant in the sun?
Ans. – Hydrogen

Q. Which is the brightest planet visible from Earth?
Ans. – Venus

Q. A person can see distant objects clearly but has difficulty seeing nearby objects clearly. What is the defect in his vision?
Answer - Hypermetropia (farsightedness)

Q. Where are Kundapur and Karwar mangrove sites located?
Answer - In the state of Karnataka

Q. Who wrote the book 'The Science of Bharat Natyam'?
Answer - Saroja Vaidyanathan

Q. Who was the first female president of the United Nations General Assembly?
Answer - Vijay Lakshmi Pandit

Q. Which is the first established atomic plant in India?
Answer - Tarapur Atomic Plant

𝐂𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐄𝐋𝐅 𝐃𝐎𝐔𝐁𝐓 𝐈𝐍 𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌

➩ 𝗘𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝘀

• High expectations of relatives
• Comparing with others
• Fear of Failures

➩ 𝗣𝘀𝘆𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗳𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀

• Feeling little or no control over
the exam situation
• Negative thinking and self-
criticism
• Low Self-esteem

➩ 𝗣𝗼𝗼𝗿 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘀𝘁𝘆𝗹𝗲𝘀

• No proper coverage of the
entire syllabus
• Trying to memorize the
concepts
• Reading without
understanding the topic
• Not making revision notes
• Not revising properly
• Studying all-night right before
exams


Jyada saach toh nhi boldiya 👀

❇️परमुख फसल उत्पादक देश❇️

1. इलायची का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺  ग्वाटेमाला

2. खुबानी का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक  देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ तुर्की

3. बादाम का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ अमेरीका

4. कॉफी का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ ब्राज़िल

5. खजूर का सबसे बड़ा निर्माता देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ मिस्र

6. काली मिर्च का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ वियतनाम

7. कोको का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ कोटे डी आइवर (आईवरी कोस्ट)

8. काजू का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ वियतनाम

9. लौंग का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ इंडोनेशिया

10. दालचीनी का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ इंडोनेशिया

11. नारियल का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ इंडोनेशिया

12. रबड़ का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ थाईलैंड

13. मकई का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका

14. संतरे का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ ब्राज़िल

15. पिस्ता का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ ईरान

16. क्विनोआ का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ बोलीविया

17. स्ट्रॉबेरी का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ चीन

18. अखरोट का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺ चीन

19. वेनिला का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺  इंडोनेशिया

20. केसर का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक देश कौन है ?
Ans ➺  ईरान

✅ 1857 विद्रोह के प्रमुख केंद और उनके नेता

❑ दिल्ली ➭ बहादुर शाह जफर

❑ बरेली ➭ खान बहादुर खान

❑ कानपुर ➭ नाना साहब

❑ आरा (बिहार) ➭ कुँवर सिंह

❑ अवध ➭ हजरत महल

❑ झाँसी ➭ रानी लक्ष्मीबाई

❑ हरियाणा ➭ राव तुलाराम

❑ सम्बल ➭ सुरेंद्र साईं

❑ इलाहाबाद ➭ लियाकत अली

❑ ग्वालियर / कानपुर ➭ तात्या टोपे

❑ लखनऊ ➭ बेगम हजरत महल 

❑ बैरकपुर ➭ मंगल पांडे

✅ सिंधु सभ्यता के प्रमुख नगर

⋄ मोहनजोदड़ो ⋗ सिंधु नदी
⋄ हड़प्पा ⋗ रावी नदी
⋄ रोपड़ ⋗ सतलज नदी
⋄ माँडा ⋗ चिनाब नदी
⋄ कालीबंगा ⋗ घग्गर नदी
⋄ लोथल ⋗ भोगवा नदी
⋄ सुत्कांगेडोर ⋗ दाश्क नदी
⋄ बालाकोट ⋗ विंदार नदी
⋄ सोत्काकोह ⋗ शादिकौर
⋄ आलमगीरपुर ⋗ हिण्डन नदी
⋄ रंगपुर ⋗ मादर नदी
⋄ कोटदीजी ⋗ सिंधु नदी
⋄ बनवाली ⋗ सरस्वती नदी
⋄ चन्हूदड़ों ⋗ सिंधु नदी

https://t.me/being_student/1711

Happy men's day..

Important Environmental Treaties