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Approaches, Progress, and Challenges to Hepatitis #C #Vaccine Development
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(18)35035-2/fulltext?mobileUi=0
Risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection vary, and there were an estimated 1.75 million new cases worldwide in 2015. The World Health Organization aims for a 90% reduction in new HCV infections by 2030. An HCV vaccine would prevent transmission, regardless of risk factors, and significantly reduce the global burden of HCV-associated disease. Barriers to development include virus diversity, limited models for testing vaccines, and our incomplete understanding of protective immune responses. Although highly effective vaccines could prevent infection altogether, immune responses that increase the rate of HCV clearance and prevent chronic infection may be sufficient to reduce disease burden.
Adjuvant envelope or core protein and virus-vectored non-structural antigen vaccines have been tested in healthy volunteers who are not at risk for HCV infection; viral vectors encoding non-structural proteins are the only vaccine strategy to be tested in at-risk individuals. Despite development challenges, a prophylactic vaccine is necessary for global control of HCV.
Approaches, Progress, and Challenges to Hepatitis #C #Vaccine Development
https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(18)35035-2/fulltext?mobileUi=0
Risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection vary, and there were an estimated 1.75 million new cases worldwide in 2015. The World Health Organization aims for a 90% reduction in new HCV infections by 2030. An HCV vaccine would prevent transmission, regardless of risk factors, and significantly reduce the global burden of HCV-associated disease. Barriers to development include virus diversity, limited models for testing vaccines, and our incomplete understanding of protective immune responses. Although highly effective vaccines could prevent infection altogether, immune responses that increase the rate of HCV clearance and prevent chronic infection may be sufficient to reduce disease burden.
Adjuvant envelope or core protein and virus-vectored non-structural antigen vaccines have been tested in healthy volunteers who are not at risk for HCV infection; viral vectors encoding non-structural proteins are the only vaccine strategy to be tested in at-risk individuals. Despite development challenges, a prophylactic vaccine is necessary for global control of HCV.
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#Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Hospitalized Patients With Inflammatory #Bowel Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Analysis
https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ibd/izz093/5487145?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) entails a higher risk of infections, including those that could be prevented with immunizations. Current Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and American College of Gastroenterology vaccine recommendations for patients with IBD are based on low levels of evidence.
The most common VPDs among patients with IBD were herpes zoster virus (HZV) (34.9%) and hepatitis B virus (31.6%), followed by influenza (22.1%). Pneumococcal pneumonia (9.1%) and hepatitis A virus (2.4%) were less common. Inpatients with IBD were twice as likely to have HZV when compared to non-IBD inpatients (odds ratios OR = 2.30 95% CI, 2.06–2.58, P < 0.0001) This finding was consistent for every study year. Pneumococcal pneumonia OR = 0.62 (95% CI, 0.52–0.74), P < 0.0001 and influenza OR = 0.72 (95% CI, 0.63–0.81), P < 0.0001 were significantly lower in the IBD population. There was no difference for other VPDs.
Conclusions
HZV was the most frequent VPD in IBD inpatients. Patients with IBD have a higher rate of hospital admissions with HZV and a lower rate of pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza admissions when compared with non-IBD patients. For other VPDs, patients with IBD have the same rate of admission as the general population.
#Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Hospitalized Patients With Inflammatory #Bowel Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Analysis
https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ibd/izz093/5487145?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) entails a higher risk of infections, including those that could be prevented with immunizations. Current Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and American College of Gastroenterology vaccine recommendations for patients with IBD are based on low levels of evidence.
The most common VPDs among patients with IBD were herpes zoster virus (HZV) (34.9%) and hepatitis B virus (31.6%), followed by influenza (22.1%). Pneumococcal pneumonia (9.1%) and hepatitis A virus (2.4%) were less common. Inpatients with IBD were twice as likely to have HZV when compared to non-IBD inpatients (odds ratios OR = 2.30 95% CI, 2.06–2.58, P < 0.0001) This finding was consistent for every study year. Pneumococcal pneumonia OR = 0.62 (95% CI, 0.52–0.74), P < 0.0001 and influenza OR = 0.72 (95% CI, 0.63–0.81), P < 0.0001 were significantly lower in the IBD population. There was no difference for other VPDs.
Conclusions
HZV was the most frequent VPD in IBD inpatients. Patients with IBD have a higher rate of hospital admissions with HZV and a lower rate of pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza admissions when compared with non-IBD patients. For other VPDs, patients with IBD have the same rate of admission as the general population.
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A Phase 2 Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Two 3-Dose Regimens of a #Clostridium difficile #Vaccine in Healthy US Adults Aged 65 to 85 Years
https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciz153/5498282
Clostridium difficile causes toxin-mediated nosocomial diarrhea and community-acquired infections; no preventive vaccine is licensed.
The 200-μg dose level elicited higher immune responses than the 100-µg dose level across regimens. Compared with the day regimen, the month regimen induced stronger and more persistent immune responses that remained elevated 12 months after dose 3. Responses peaked at month 7 (month regimen) and day 37 (day regimen). LRs (primarily injection site pain) were more frequent in vaccine recipients than controls; SE frequency was similar across groups. More related AEs were reported in the day regimen group than the month regimen group..
Conclusions
The C. difficile vaccine was safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic in healthy US adults aged 65–85 years. Immune responses were particularly robust in the 200-μg month regimen group. These results support continued vaccine development.
A Phase 2 Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Two 3-Dose Regimens of a #Clostridium difficile #Vaccine in Healthy US Adults Aged 65 to 85 Years
https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciz153/5498282
Clostridium difficile causes toxin-mediated nosocomial diarrhea and community-acquired infections; no preventive vaccine is licensed.
The 200-μg dose level elicited higher immune responses than the 100-µg dose level across regimens. Compared with the day regimen, the month regimen induced stronger and more persistent immune responses that remained elevated 12 months after dose 3. Responses peaked at month 7 (month regimen) and day 37 (day regimen). LRs (primarily injection site pain) were more frequent in vaccine recipients than controls; SE frequency was similar across groups. More related AEs were reported in the day regimen group than the month regimen group..
Conclusions
The C. difficile vaccine was safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic in healthy US adults aged 65–85 years. Immune responses were particularly robust in the 200-μg month regimen group. These results support continued vaccine development.
OUP Academic
Phase 2 Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Two 3-Dose Regimens of a Clostridium difficile Vaccine…
Prevention of Clostridium difficile infection is a significant unmet medical need. Here, a 3-dose series of an investigational C. difficile vaccine provided rob
#Influenza #vaccine effectiveness 2019-2020 interim estimates
Annual vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended for all U.S. persons aged ≥6 months. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine varies by season.
What is added by this report?
According to data from the U.S. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network on 4,112 children and adults with acute respiratory illness during October 23, 2019–January 25, 2020, the overall estimated effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine for preventing medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection was 45%.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Vaccination remains the best way to protect against influenza and its potentially serious complications. CDC continues to recommend influenza vaccination while influenza viruses are circulating in the community.
https://bit.ly/2HLgnN2
Annual vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended for all U.S. persons aged ≥6 months. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine varies by season.
What is added by this report?
According to data from the U.S. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network on 4,112 children and adults with acute respiratory illness during October 23, 2019–January 25, 2020, the overall estimated effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine for preventing medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection was 45%.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Vaccination remains the best way to protect against influenza and its potentially serious complications. CDC continues to recommend influenza vaccination while influenza viruses are circulating in the community.
https://bit.ly/2HLgnN2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Interim Estimates of 2019–20 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine ...
CDC preliminary vaccine effectiveness estimates show 2019–20 influenza vaccines providing substantial protective benefit, particularly among children, who have been hard hit by influenza this season.
An Immunomodulatory Therapeutic #Vaccine Targeting Oligomeric #Amyloid-β
https://2medical.news/2020/11/06/an-immunomodulatory-therapeutic-vaccine-targeting-oligomeric-amyloid-%CE%B2/
Background:Aging is considered the most important risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent research supports the theory that immunotherapy targeting the “oligomeric” forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) may halt the progression of AD. However, previous clinical trial of the vaccine against Aβ, called AN1792, was suspended due to cases of meningoencephalitis in patients. Objective:To develop a peptide sensitized dendritic cells (DCs) vaccine that would target oligomer …
https://2medical.news/2020/11/06/an-immunomodulatory-therapeutic-vaccine-targeting-oligomeric-amyloid-%CE%B2/
Background:Aging is considered the most important risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent research supports the theory that immunotherapy targeting the “oligomeric” forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) may halt the progression of AD. However, previous clinical trial of the vaccine against Aβ, called AN1792, was suspended due to cases of meningoencephalitis in patients. Objective:To develop a peptide sensitized dendritic cells (DCs) vaccine that would target oligomer …
Humoral Response to the Pfizer BNT162b2 #Vaccine in Patients Undergoing Maintenance #Hemodialysis
https://2medical.news/2021/04/17/humoral-response-to-the-pfizer-bnt162b2-vaccine-in-patients-undergoing-maintenance-hemodialysis/
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with higher morbidity and mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Patients on dialysis tend to have a reduced immune response to infection or vaccination. We aimed to assess, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the humoral response following vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine in patients on maintenance hemodialysis and the factors associated with it. Design, …
https://2medical.news/2021/04/17/humoral-response-to-the-pfizer-bnt162b2-vaccine-in-patients-undergoing-maintenance-hemodialysis/
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with higher morbidity and mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Patients on dialysis tend to have a reduced immune response to infection or vaccination. We aimed to assess, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the humoral response following vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine in patients on maintenance hemodialysis and the factors associated with it. Design, …
Multiple #SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by #vaccine-induced humoral immunity
https://2medical.news/2021/06/21/multiple-sars-cov-2-variants-escape-neutralization-by-vaccine-induced-humoral-immunity/
https://2medical.news/2021/06/21/multiple-sars-cov-2-variants-escape-neutralization-by-vaccine-induced-humoral-immunity/
2Medical.News
Multiple #SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by #vaccine-induced humoral immunity
Vaccination elicits immune responses capable of potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2. However, ongoing surveillance has revealed the emergence of variants harboring mutations in spike, the main target …
#COVID-19 #vaccine efficacy and effectiveness—the elephant (not) in the room
https://2medical.news/2021/07/16/covid-19-vaccine-efficacy-and-effectiveness-the-elephant-not-in-the-room/
https://2medical.news/2021/07/16/covid-19-vaccine-efficacy-and-effectiveness-the-elephant-not-in-the-room/
2Medical.News
#COVID-19 #vaccine efficacy and effectiveness—the elephant (not) in the room
Approximately 96 COVID-19 vaccines are at various stages of clinical development.1 At present, we have the interim results of four studies published in scientific journals (on the Pfizer–BioNTech B…
Covid-19: #Delta infections threaten herd immunity #vaccine strategy
https://2medical.news/2021/08/11/covid-19-delta-infections-threaten-herd-immunity-vaccine-strategy/
https://2medical.news/2021/08/11/covid-19-delta-infections-threaten-herd-immunity-vaccine-strategy/
2Medical.News
Covid-19: #Delta infections threaten herd immunity #vaccine strategy
Epidemiologists are adjusting their expectations for the future course of the pandemic after data from a recent outbreak in Massachusetts in the US suggest that while vaccination remains highly pro…
Considerations in boosting #COVID-19 #vaccine immune responses
https://2medical.news/2021/09/15/considerations-in-boosting-covid-19-vaccine-immune-responses/
https://2medical.news/2021/09/15/considerations-in-boosting-covid-19-vaccine-immune-responses/
2Medical.News
Considerations in boosting #COVID-19 #vaccine immune responses
A new wave of COVID-19 cases caused by the highly transmissible delta variant is exacerbating the worldwide public health crisis, and has led to consideration of the potential need for, and optimal…
Waning Immunity after the BNT162b2 #Vaccine in Israel
https://2medical.news/2021/11/02/waning-immunity-after-the-bnt162b2-vaccine-in-israel/
https://2medical.news/2021/11/02/waning-immunity-after-the-bnt162b2-vaccine-in-israel/
2Medical.News
Waning Immunity after the BNT162b2 #Vaccine in Israel
In December 2020, Israel began a mass vaccination campaign against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) by administering the BNT162b2 vaccine, which led to a sharp curtailing of the outbreak. After …
#Autopsy findings in cases of fatal #COVID-19 #vaccine -induced #myocarditis
https://2medical.news/2024/02/08/autopsy-findings-in-cases-of-fatal-covid-19-vaccine-induced-myocarditis/
https://2medical.news/2024/02/08/autopsy-findings-in-cases-of-fatal-covid-19-vaccine-induced-myocarditis/
2Medical.News
#Autopsy findings in cases of fatal #COVID-19 #vaccine -induced #myocarditis
COVID-19 vaccines have been linked to myocarditis, which, in some circumstances, can be fatal. This systematic review aims to investigate potential causal links between COVID-19 vaccines and death …