Eq 3.

MVR= N*h / (2*Pi)

Where:
M = Electron Mass.
V = Orbital velocity.
R = Orbital radius.
N = Quantum number. (1,2,3,…)
h = Plank's constant

As a consequence of Eq. 3, an atom will only absorb (or emit) electromagnetic energy at those frequencies corresponding to the difference in energy between allowed orbits.

Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=au2HCVn9IJI

An atom will only absorb (or emit) electromagnetic energy at those frequencies corresponding to the difference in energy between allowed orbits. In a population of Hydrogen atoms at room temperature, the vast majority of electrons are in the orbit N = 1, and the effective temperature of the orbital population is very close to zero. Now suppose we pass a controlled electric current through the Hydrogen atoms, thereby raising the majority of electrons into the orbit N = 2. We now have a population with only 2 degrees of freedom (two dimensional phase space) N = 1, and N = 2. Further, since the majority of electrons (greater than 50%) are in the orbit N = 2, the population of electron orbits is at a negative temperature (see figure 1 above), and therefore hotter than infinity.

In thermodynamics terms, this is known as a population inversion, and under the rules of classical thermodynamics, was considered a physical impossibility...

NB: Negative kelvin is hotter than infinite temperature, not because it would feel hotter, but because heat flows from the negative temperature object to the positive temperature object because we can demonstrate mathematically that the negative temperature object is in a higher energy state.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_temperature#:~:text=A%20substance%20with%20a%20negative,is%20hotter%20than%20infinite%20temperature.

Theodore H. Maiman. The world´s first functioning Laser
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3m_PZBKp9s

The Laser:
In 1960, based on the thermodynamic principal of population inversion, Theodore Maiman invented the laser (U.S. Pat 3,353,115). An intense source of light or electric current is used to excite electron orbits into a population inversion. The only way these electrons can cool down is to emit a beam of electromagnetic energy (photons) at a single wavelength, equal to the energy difference between electron orbits . Since the population of photons in the laser beam is of one wavelength (monochromatic), they have exactly one degree of freedom, for any non-zero energy, when S = 0 (W = 1 in Eq. 1), T is infinite.

The laser uses the population inversion of electron orbits as a "daemon-like, trap door" to convert low temperature energy into a coherent beam of light, hot enough to burn a hole through the Sun

Theodore H. Maiman. The world´s first functioning Laser
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3m_PZBKp9s

The Laser:
In 1960, based on the thermodynamic principal of population inversion, Theodore Maiman invented the laser (U.S. Pat 3,353,115). An intense source of light or electric current is used to excite electron orbits into a population inversion. The only way these electrons can cool down is to emit a beam of electromagnetic energy (photons) at a single wavelength, equal to the energy difference between electron orbits . Since the population of photons in the laser beam is of one wavelength (monochromatic), they have exactly one degree of freedom, for any non-zero energy, when S = 0 (W = 1 in Eq. 1), T is infinite.

The laser uses the population inversion of electron orbits as a "daemon-like, trap door" to convert low temperature energy into a coherent beam of light, hot enough to burn a hole through the Sun

Reference to "daemon-like, trap door" class
Wizard James C. Maxwell

#LearningToFly Chapter 12,, Part 4
#Electrogravitics101
#Magneto_Thermodynamics101

https://t.me/AzazelNews/240356

2nd Law of thermodynamics - Principles of Refrigeration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDQgOvmSXCE


The second law of thermodynamics states that:

"In any cyclic process, the entropy must either increase or remain the same".

Consider a steam engine. Steam engines can not convert all of the energy contained in the boiler to useful work. Some of the energy must be dumped into a condenser. The reason for this prerequisite is that extracting energy from a boiler lowers the entropy of the boiler, however dumping a smaller quantity of energy into a condenser (at a lower temperature) raises the entropy of the condenser more than entropy was lowered by extracting the larger quantity of energy from the boiler ( Eq. 2a). In other words, a condenser is needed to meet the requirements of the second law of thermodynamics.

For steam engines, or any other engine that operates on the principal of heat extraction, the second law of thermodynamics IS absolute (much to the benefit of OPEC). If steam engines could break the second law of thermodynamics, then a steam engine could convert all of the energy from a boiler operating at room temperature, without needing a lower temperature condenser to dump waste energy.

Inverted populations:
Consider an engine extracting energy from a boiler containing an inverted population of atoms or molecules.

Since the act of energy extraction, raises the entropy of the boiler, this engine DOES NOT require a condenser, and this engine will convert ALL of the extracted energy into useful work. In other words, ANY boiler operating on the right hand side of figure 1 (beyond 50% phase space occupancy), is also operating beyond the point of maximum entropy (disorder), and unlike a conventional boiler, entropy increases as energy is extracted from an inverted population boiler. Therefore no other step is required to meet the condition imposed by the second law.

We have just uncovered a loop hole in the second law of thermodynamics.

This loop hole does NOT allow us to break the second law of thermodynamics. Rather, the loop hole allows us to neatly "side step" the consequences of the second law, as it's traditionally understood to apply, with respect to heat driven engines. In other words, an inverted population exhibits anti-entropic behavior.

Or in more poetic terms, when operating on an inverted population, the spirit of Maxwell's daemon LIVES!



Conclusions:
1) Inverted populations can be created.
2) Inverted populations exhibit anti-entropic behavior.
3) Inverted populations can be used to side step certain consequences of the second law of thermodynamics as it applies to heat driven engines.
4) When operating on an inverted population, the second law of thermodynamics DOES NOT preclude the existence of daemon-like "trap door" structures, as first envisioned by Maxwell.

In 1877, the debate was settled by the mathematician Ludwig Boltzmann. He showed that heat is a property of matter, directly related to the energy stored in it's vibration and/or movement, AND related to the entropy (disorder) of that vibration or movement. Unfortunately his theories were met with extreme skepticism by the scientific community of that era (Maxwell was an exception). Despondent, he later committed suicide. Had he lived just a few more years, Boltzmann would have seen his theories vindicated beyond his wildest dreams. Scientific luminaries such as Albert Einstein and Max Planck used Boltzmann's theories in their work. Work that has shaped modern quantum physics as we know it today.


Max Planck On Entropy and Ludwig Boltzmann
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfyZmC-N4oU

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(physics_and_chemistry)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_inversion

http://www.whale.to/b/mt__part_2.html

Class dismissed

This has been #WizardoftheDay

Wizard Ludwig Boltzmann

https://t.me/AzazelNews/243711

Special class in 15 minutes on Metamaterials / Metametals

1947 - Roswell
What he found were balsa-wood like plastic I-beams (some with hieroglyphic-like writing on them), dark brown plastic insulating sheets, and a great quantity of a dark-grey metal foil. But these were no ordinary plastic and metal. What he observed on that day were remarkably lightweight materials that revealed unheard of physical properties not seen in any known man-made material at the time, or even to this day. For example, he could not tear or burn with his cigarette lighter the extremely thin plastic sheets. Also, a newspaper-thin yet extremely tough, dark-grayish foil, definitely a metal of some sort, had the uncanny ability to return to its original shape.

One person had the bright idea of using a sledgehammer to try to put a permanent dent in the newspaper-thin metal foil. He wasn't able to succeed. The foil simply thumbed its proverbial nose at the man by returning to its original shape without a scratch.
Remarkably, the foil would not melt, and within seconds became cool to the touch.

Interest in titanium alloys, and several notable titanium-based alloys begin after 1947
Scientists at Wright-Patterson laboratories were perplexed with at least one of the materials: the dark-greyish foil. As if the military had no idea what it was or who created the foil, the people at the base needed outside help to access the world's first vacuum furnace developed by the Battelle Memorial Institute.
Later, the military needed more help from Battelle to find ways to attain a higher level of purity for titanium and its alloys and study the properties of this dark-grey alloy, known as NiTi.
https://www.sunrisepage.com/roswell/roswell.htm