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1958
Nitinol arrived without warning. No previous work predicted its emergence; nobody knows precisely how it works. First encounters with it usually elicit amazement, shock or disbelief. At room temperature, a piece of Nitinol wire is as strong as steel.
Dunk the wire in cold water and it suddenly turns soft and pliable; bend it and it stays bent. But then dip it in hot water and, suddenly coming to life in your hands, it will spring back with great force to its original shape. In short, it has a shape-memory response; it is a solid-state energy conversion system that requires only a temperature change from cool to warm to release forces as great as 10 tonnes per square centimetre.
Key Date
1958
Nitinol arrived without warning. No previous work predicted its emergence; nobody knows precisely how it works. First encounters with it usually elicit amazement, shock or disbelief. At room temperature, a piece of Nitinol wire is as strong as steel.
Dunk the wire in cold water and it suddenly turns soft and pliable; bend it and it stays bent. But then dip it in hot water and, suddenly coming to life in your hands, it will spring back with great force to its original shape. In short, it has a shape-memory response; it is a solid-state energy conversion system that requires only a temperature change from cool to warm to release forces as great as 10 tonnes per square centimetre.
Key Date
1958
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Nitinol’s amazing properties were discovered in 1958 at the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL). Hence the name: Ni (nickel), Ti (titanium)—plus NOL. The discovery was an accident. When the first Nitinol ingots came out of the furnace, William Buehler, then chief metallurgist for the American navy, routinely tapped the first two finger-size bars against each other, producing a flat, leaden sound. No special surprise. But only minutes later, he found that the next two bars from the same melt rang like a bell when tapped. The only difference was the temperature: the second pair of bars was still warm from the furnace.
Not long after, at a meeting of Navy scientists, Buehler demonstrated another peculiar property of Nitinol: it can be bent repeatedly without showing signs of metal fatigue. And although Nitinol gets warm at the bend point when bent, like any other metallic alloy, it becomes cool when bent back to its original shape.
Not long after, at a meeting of Navy scientists, Buehler demonstrated another peculiar property of Nitinol: it can be bent repeatedly without showing signs of metal fatigue. And although Nitinol gets warm at the bend point when bent, like any other metallic alloy, it becomes cool when bent back to its original shape.
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A puzzled Navy scientist who had just lit his pipe put his lighter to a piece of Nitinol wire that had buckled into a concertina shape. The metal sprang straight. “That,” recalls Buehler, “was the turning point.” Despite its unique properties, Nitinol seems to have been regarded as scarcely more than a scientific curiosity until 1973, when an important but little-noticed breakthrough was made at the Lawrence Laboratory in Berkeley, California; inventor Ridgway Banks built a working model of a Nitinol heat engine.
Banks’s device is a wheel mounted flat on a central shaft. From each spoke hangs a U-shaped loop of Nitinol, each end of which is attached by a sleeve that can slide in or out along the spoke. As each loop enters the hot-water side of the bath below the wheel, it snaps open and some of the energy produced pushes the wheel around.
Banks’s device is a wheel mounted flat on a central shaft. From each spoke hangs a U-shaped loop of Nitinol, each end of which is attached by a sleeve that can slide in or out along the spoke. As each loop enters the hot-water side of the bath below the wheel, it snaps open and some of the energy produced pushes the wheel around.
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The small group of scientists present at the engine’s inauguration felt a keen sense of the event’s historic importance. Nobel
laureate Edwin McMillan, then director of the Lawrence lab, grabbed a handy tissue box and scribbled some quick calculations: the engine was producing about half a watt of mechanical power. Today that box is part of an unofficial Nitinol heat engine archive.
Banks kept the machine running continuously. He watched for signs of fatigue in the Nitinol wire loops. To his astonishment, he found that after a few hundred thousand revolutions, the wheel was spinning faster. It was spinning faster because the Nitinol was developing atwoway memory. It was “learning” to resume its tight-U shape in cold water. Since less of the energy produced by the snap of the loop on the warm-water side had to be used to push the loop on the cold-water side together, more was available for pushing the wheel.
laureate Edwin McMillan, then director of the Lawrence lab, grabbed a handy tissue box and scribbled some quick calculations: the engine was producing about half a watt of mechanical power. Today that box is part of an unofficial Nitinol heat engine archive.
Banks kept the machine running continuously. He watched for signs of fatigue in the Nitinol wire loops. To his astonishment, he found that after a few hundred thousand revolutions, the wheel was spinning faster. It was spinning faster because the Nitinol was developing atwoway memory. It was “learning” to resume its tight-U shape in cold water. Since less of the energy produced by the snap of the loop on the warm-water side had to be used to push the loop on the cold-water side together, more was available for pushing the wheel.
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Ridgway Banks -1970s
Twenty Million Revolutions and Still Going Strong
I made a prototype engine in 1973 from loops of nitinol wire. The engine had two pans, one containing cold water, the other hot, and it worked from the start. It's now made over 20 million revolutions and still turns as briskly as ever, just as long as we maintain the temperature differential. This led to my first patent on a nitinol engine.
As the temperature differential between the heat source and the heat sink need only be 20°C, I can use geothermal hot springs, solar-heated water, or even Arctic Ocean water combined with ambient air as sources of energy. I was certain I could build practical, useful nitinol engines, particularly since the country was seriously thinking about energy and environment during the mid-1970s. My engine, after all, produced usable work from diffuse, low-grade heat—the most abundant source of energy on earth. It had few mechanical parts: The wire was boiler, expander and condenser all in one. It had neither valves nor seals, and the materials were cheap. Best of all, the engine was nonpolluting. I confidently predicted I'd have a commercial prototype within a year or two.
https://vimeo.com/45924783
Twenty Million Revolutions and Still Going Strong
I made a prototype engine in 1973 from loops of nitinol wire. The engine had two pans, one containing cold water, the other hot, and it worked from the start. It's now made over 20 million revolutions and still turns as briskly as ever, just as long as we maintain the temperature differential. This led to my first patent on a nitinol engine.
As the temperature differential between the heat source and the heat sink need only be 20°C, I can use geothermal hot springs, solar-heated water, or even Arctic Ocean water combined with ambient air as sources of energy. I was certain I could build practical, useful nitinol engines, particularly since the country was seriously thinking about energy and environment during the mid-1970s. My engine, after all, produced usable work from diffuse, low-grade heat—the most abundant source of energy on earth. It had few mechanical parts: The wire was boiler, expander and condenser all in one. It had neither valves nor seals, and the materials were cheap. Best of all, the engine was nonpolluting. I confidently predicted I'd have a commercial prototype within a year or two.
https://vimeo.com/45924783
Vimeo
The Individualist
Documentary profile of Ridgway Banks, inventor of the world's first solid-state alternative energy heat engine. Premiered at Slamdance International Film Festival…
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In the 1970's Nitinol Free Energy technology was discovered and developed that would stop oil dependency. It was never pursued as an energy source.
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5- Megawatt Nitinol Engine by Mcdonnell Douglas
"Nitinol power plants for the conversion of low-grade thermal energy may have significant economic advantage over conventionally-fueled power plants. A plant of five Nitinol modules could produce 5 megawatts of power.""
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-dCIkJAjyM
"Nitinol power plants for the conversion of low-grade thermal energy may have significant economic advantage over conventionally-fueled power plants. A plant of five Nitinol modules could produce 5 megawatts of power.""
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-dCIkJAjyM
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How a metal with a memory will shape our future on Mars
Nitinol, a “memory” metal that can remember its original shape when heated, is an industrial gem that will play a key role in NASA’s next mission to Mars.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pn-6bGORy0U
Nitinol, a “memory” metal that can remember its original shape when heated, is an industrial gem that will play a key role in NASA’s next mission to Mars.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pn-6bGORy0U
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Nitinol: The Shape Memory Effect and Superelasticity
Bill demonstrates the temperature-dependent shape memory of nitinol metal. He explains how "twinning" in the crystal structure of nitinol produces the memory effect. He shows a nitinol-based engine that is powered by temperature differences. He closes the video with a description of superelasticity, a phenomenon related to the memory effect, which he demonstrates with a cardiac stent. (This video is dedicated to my second son: born right after the rough draft was finished, and who, thus, delayed the filming of the final video by eight months.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wI-qAxKJoSU
Bill demonstrates the temperature-dependent shape memory of nitinol metal. He explains how "twinning" in the crystal structure of nitinol produces the memory effect. He shows a nitinol-based engine that is powered by temperature differences. He closes the video with a description of superelasticity, a phenomenon related to the memory effect, which he demonstrates with a cardiac stent. (This video is dedicated to my second son: born right after the rough draft was finished, and who, thus, delayed the filming of the final video by eight months.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wI-qAxKJoSU
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2021
The Pentagon has finally admitted to testing wreckage of UFO crashes, according to author Anthony Bragalia who wrote to the US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
The DIA reportedly released 154-page test results of a mysterious "memory" metal called Nitinol which remembers its original shape when folded, Bragalia claimed.
"A stunning admission by the US government that it possesses UFO debris was recently made in response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request filed over three years ago by this author," Bragalia wrote in his blog, adding," In a reply letter, the US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) has ended decades of speculation by verifying that UFO material has indeed been recovered."
https://twitter.com/costellodaniel1/status/1379123721353461779
https://www.wionews.com/science-technology/roswell-crash-pentagon-admits-testing-wreckage-from-ufo-crashes-363656
The Pentagon has finally admitted to testing wreckage of UFO crashes, according to author Anthony Bragalia who wrote to the US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
The DIA reportedly released 154-page test results of a mysterious "memory" metal called Nitinol which remembers its original shape when folded, Bragalia claimed.
"A stunning admission by the US government that it possesses UFO debris was recently made in response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request filed over three years ago by this author," Bragalia wrote in his blog, adding," In a reply letter, the US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) has ended decades of speculation by verifying that UFO material has indeed been recovered."
https://twitter.com/costellodaniel1/status/1379123721353461779
https://www.wionews.com/science-technology/roswell-crash-pentagon-admits-testing-wreckage-from-ufo-crashes-363656
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